Plasma Cosmology - Woo or not

Tubbythin said:
And this is what, in my opinion, makes PC woo. This default assumption goes against piece after piece of observational evidence.
Not exactly.

It goes against piece after piece of assumptions in the Big Bang that have been piled up ontop of each other to prove the creationist perspective of the universe. Name one of these observations you speak of, and I can reply directly.
"This default assumption" (from Z's post that TT quoted):

The default assumption is that everything we observe in the universe (like the CMB for example) can be attributed to processes ongoing today, where we can be much more sure about what is occuring.

Z, in the >30 posts I listed there are many open questions. Several of these open questions relate - directly - to exactly what TT said! :mad:

So, when will you be replying directly to those open questions with specific, detailed observations that are strongly inconsistent with this default assumption?

(and do I need to put this in bold, and make the fontsize 10, before you will deign to even read it?)
I think many cosmologists would tell you this means plasma cosmology isn't a cosmology at all.

Indeed they probably would. They think that any cosmology has to be used to prove the Big Bang, or any other slant on an initial event of creation. If an initial event of creation (the Big Bang) is wrong, that’s utter nonsense.
After all this time and you still persist in writing such nonsense? :mad:

When will you take the trouble to learn what LCDM cosmological models are actually about?
Anything that does entertain their creationist like world view would just be dismissed as not a cosmology at all, and so not worthy of consideration. A completely different type of cosmology does not have to be based on the same assumptions as the other ones. Plasma cosmology does not include an origin for the universe, certainly not a Big Bang, but does not rule one out either. The universe is assumed infinite in time, as because we don’t see anything being created out of nothing, or disappearing into nothing now, it is assumed that this is indeed the case.
But, on the other hand, as we have seen in this thread sooooo many times, plasma cosmology (PC) is also quite unconcerned about inconsistencies (internal, with well-established theories of physics where the domains of applicability overlap, and (above all) with good experimental results and observations).

For example: if "the universe is assumed infinite in time", where are the 80 trillion year old objects?
Quite a simple step really. Plasma Cosmology is a completely different type of cosmology. Its similar in some respects to fractal cosmologies, and infact predicts a fractal structure to the universe on the large scale, which recent observations seem to be confirming.

[...]
Classic! :eye-poppi

So, Z, how were distances estimated, in these "recent observations"?

Specifically, in which of these observations were one or other variant of Arpian (or any of the et. al.s') "intrinsic redshift" used in the logic chain(s) that lead to the "fractal structure to the universe on the large scale" conclusion?

(to be continued)
 
First, it's nice to see that you have not done a complete runner Z.

Tell us all Zeuzzz, what does Scott's "The Electric Sky" have to say about what powers the Sun?

I - and maybe other readers too - am looking forward to a real answer to this question.


As someone who has been aware of Scotts various theories about the sun for longer than even I have, I am amazed you would ask such a question. You obviously already know the answer to this question, so I suggest you answer your own question and come up with a more productive one.
 
So, Z, how were distances estimated, in these "recent observations"?

Specifically, in which of these observations were one or other variant of Arpian (or any of the et. al.s') "intrinsic redshift" used in the logic chain(s) that lead to the "fractal structure to the universe on the large scale" conclusion?


What would instrinsic redshifts have to do with SDSS survey that is revealing the fractal structure of the universe? they would be two quite different issues I think you will find. Wherther Arp proves his instrinsic quasar redshift ideas, or not, is nothing to do with the fact that the large scale structure of the universe appears to be fractal. As pedicted by Lerners plamsa filaments that condense gravitationally into a fractal distribution of matter.
 
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post #3
Um, er, ...

Zeuzzz, that post you just wrote contains ~2,000 words, 2 (long) quotes, 3 links, and 11 references (each of which is a link). The 11 references include a 178 page book, and the entire proceedings of a summer workshop.

Would you mind posting a concise description of Plasma Cosmology, please?




Ok, try this one: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasma_cosmology&oldid=88919194#Overview

Overview

Plasma cosmology posits that the most important feature of the universe is that the matter it contains is composed almost entirely of astrophysical plasma. The state of matter known as plasma is an electrically-conductive collection of charged particles, possibly together with neutral particles or dust, that exhibits collective behavior and that responds as a whole to electromagnetic forces. The charged particles are usually ions and electrons resulting from heating a gas. Stars and the interstellar medium are composed of plasma of different densities. Plasma physics is uncontroversially accepted to play an important role in many astrophysical phenomena.

The basic assumptions of plasma cosmology which differ from standard cosmology are:

1. Since the universe is nearly all plasma, electromagnetic forces are equal in importance with gravitation on all scales.[10].
2. An origin in time for the universe is rejected,[11] due to causality arguments and rejection of ex nihilo models as a stealth form of creationism.[12]
3. Since every part of the universe we observe is evolving, it assumes that the universe itself is evolving as well, though a scalar expansion as predicted from the FRW metric is not accepted as part of this evolution (see static universe).

Plasma cosmology advocates emphasize the links between physical processes observable in laboratories on Earth and those that govern the cosmos; as many cosmological processes as possible are explained by the behaviour of a plasma in the laboratory.[13] Proponents contrast this with the big bang theory which has over the course of its existence required the introduction of such features as inflation, dark matter and dark energy that have not been detectable yet in laboratory experiments.


Concise enough?

A little extra. Reference 10 reads; "H. Alfvén and C.-G. Falthammar, Cosmic electrodynamics (2nd edition, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1963). "The basic reason why electromagnetic phenomena are so important in cosmical physics is that there exist celestial magnetic fields which affect the motion of charged particles in space. Under certain conditions electromagnetic forces are much stronger than gravitation. In order to illustrate this, let us suppose that a particle moves at the earth's solar distance RE ((the position vector being RE) with the earth's orbital velocity v. If the particle is a neutral hydrogen atom, it is acted upon only by the solar gravitation (the effect of a magnetic field upon a possible atomic magnetic moment being negligible). If M is the solar and m, the atomic mass, and γ is the constant of gravitation, this force is f = -γMm RE/RE3. If the atom becomes singly ionized, the ion as well as the electron (charge e = ± 4.8 x 10-10 e.s.u.) is subject to the force fm = e(v/c) x B from an interplanetary magnetic field which near the earth's orbit is B. The strength of the interplanetary magnetic field is of the order of 10-4 gauss, which gives fm/f ≈ 107. This illustrates the enormous importance of interplanetary and interstellar magnetic fields, compared to gravitation, as long as the matter is ionized." (p.2-3)"

Post #9

I have been unable to find any material - at all - published since the first WMAP team papers presenting their results - on how PC accounts for the observed CMB, in the following respects:

1. the blackbody SED (spectral energy distribution)

2. the dipole

3. the angular power spectrum.

In each case, I mean the a quantitative account, with estimates of goodness of fit (or some other statistic), and explicit derivation from clearly stated, and with referenced sources, specific, PC cosmological model(s) being used.

If you know of any such materials, would you be kind enough to cite them?


I dont think that a quantitative account for these three particular aspects of the CMB have been accounted for. I may be mistaken, as I think that Gerrit L Verschuur has found that much of the anisotropy correlates with plasma clouds within the Milky Way (http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.3021), although the statistical significance of these correlations is still in some dispute. But you get the idea of what the future models to account for these small aspects could be.

Now, would you be so kind as to show how the spectral energy distribution, the dipole and the the angular power spectrum pose a problem to a Plasma Cosmology approach? ie, how they actually prove the Big Bang is correct, and other cosmologies wrong?
 
As someone who has been aware of Scotts various theories about the sun for longer than even I have, I am amazed you would ask such a question. You obviously already know the answer to this question, so I suggest you answer your own question and come up with a more productive one.
Z,

You're the one trying to present some sort of case that PC is a science that has explanatory powers far greater than the combined results of contemporary astronomy, astrophysics, space science, geology, meteorology, ... for some combination of reasons that I still do not grasp*. Further, your intended audience is (or should be) the readers of this thread, not just one gadfly.

That you do not avail yourself of every opportunity to explain PC, to clarify points in it that are unclear, to answer pertinent questions on it, etc, etc, etc seems (to me at least) to say that you yourself are not serious about it ...

Whatever.

For the benefit of lurkers who don't already know, my understanding of Scott's 'electric sun' idea (whether in "The Electric Sky" or not), wrt what powers the Sun, is as follows:

* the Sun is powered by an isotropic flow of relativistic electrons from a source at least 50 Mpc distant

* the flow is driven by the potential difference between the Sun and some unspecified source, mediated by the Milky Way (MW) galaxy-wide magnetic field

* this giant inter-galactic current has been steady, to within ~30%, for ~5 billion years, during which time the potential difference has not changed significantly.

I'm sure Z will step in, with alacrity, to correct any misunderstandings in my simple summary.

I'm not so sure how quickly other regulars in this thread will step in to point out some of the strong inconsistencies (shall we say) in Scott's idea, including those that are so bad you wonder how he can call himself an electrical engineer with a straight face.

Oh, and as far as I know, Scott has not published, anywhere, a quantitative account of how this giant inter-galactic current accounts for the Sun's power (both today, throughout recorded human history, and over the last ~4 billion years), the structure composition and dynamics of the IPM (per several decades of in situ space probes), not to mention textbook physics.

* can't be to present a case that PC is a consistent set of theories (it is very clearly not); nor to show how PC accounts, consistently and quantitatively, for the totality of good experimental results and observations within its domain (it fails, badly, on even a tiny subset of these); nor to show that you understand the relevant underlying physics (clearly you do not); ...
 
DeiRenDopa said:
So, Z, how were distances estimated, in these "recent observations"?

Specifically, in which of these observations were one or other variant of Arpian (or any of the et. al.s') "intrinsic redshift" used in the logic chain(s) that lead to the "fractal structure to the universe on the large scale" conclusion?
What would instrinsic redshifts have to do with SDSS survey that is revealing the fractal structure of the universe? they would be two quite different issues I think you will find. Wherther Arp proves his instrinsic quasar redshift ideas, or not, is nothing to do with the fact that the large scale structure of the universe appears to be fractal. As pedicted by Lerners plamsa filaments that condense gravitationally into a fractal distribution of matter.
ROTFL!! :jaw-dropp :eye-poppi :eek:

Z, you really are precious! Pity there's too many words here for a sig; the combination of ignorance, complacency, and flawed thinking is about as good as it gets.

Dude, if by "SDSS survey" you are referring to http://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1132, may I suggest that you take the time to read it? In particular, put your thinking cap on and tease out how Labini et al. came up with the distance estimators they use (HINT: somewhere at the heart of the logic chain is the Hubble relationship).

Now, if redshifts are not reliable estimators of distance (and that's what Arp et al. have been saying, in one way or another, for several decades now) then the (3D) INPUT distributions that Labini et al. analysed are wrong, and as they say in IT, garbage in garbage out.

Oh, and are those the same "Lerners plamsa filaments" which he uses to account for the CMB (NOT)? The ones which his only paper on the subject* must be at distances consistent with the Hubble relationship interpretation of the redshifts of ... (drum roll please) ... quasars??

Z, take you pick: Arp et al. are right (and the universe cannot be said to be fractal, based on analyses of SDSS data, and Lerner's plasma filament ideas are bunk too) OR Labini et al. are right (and the Arp et al. papers are all wrong).

Which is it?

Oh wait, I forgot ... in PC consistency is not required (like the Red Queen, PC adherents can believe six impossibly inconsistent things before breakfast ...)

* as far as I know
 
Just briefly
[...]
DeiRenDopa said:
I have been unable to find any material - at all - published since the first WMAP team papers presenting their results - on how PC accounts for the observed CMB, in the following respects:

1. the blackbody SED (spectral energy distribution)

2. the dipole

3. the angular power spectrum.

In each case, I mean the a quantitative account, with estimates of goodness of fit (or some other statistic), and explicit derivation from clearly stated, and with referenced sources, specific, PC cosmological model(s) being used.

If you know of any such materials, would you be kind enough to cite them?
I dont think that a quantitative account for these three particular aspects of the CMB have been accounted for.

Thanks for admitting this ... such an absence is surely rather embarrassing, wouldn't you say? I mean the data - including the raw data as it came from the satellite - has been publicly available almost from Day One ... more than enough time for Peratt, Lerner, et al. to sharpen their pencils and tweak their models (with any number of arbitrary parameters, ad hoc hypotheses, etc, etc, etc).


I may be mistaken, as I think that Gerrit L Verschuur has found that much of the anisotropy correlates with plasma clouds within the Milky Way (http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.3021), although the statistical significance of these correlations is still in some dispute.
Nice try.

Z, there's no - zero, nada, nil, ... - "dispute"; Verschuur's "correlations" are not real (even his sponsor says so).

Oh, and you might like to re-read Verschuur's paper*.


But you get the idea of what the future models to account for these small aspects could be.
Sure thing ...

... and when such future models are published, you will be the first to tell us all about them, won't you?

Until then ...


Now, would you be so kind as to show how the spectral energy distribution, the dipole and the the angular power spectrum pose a problem to a Plasma Cosmology approach? ie, how they actually prove the Big Bang is correct, and other cosmologies wrong?
Nice try2, but no cigar.

First, if you/PC lives and dies by "proof" (as in "actually prove {PC} is correct"), then we can all go home now ... PC does no such thing, nor does it set out to do any such thing, and no part of contemporary science does either ... "prove" is what mathematicians do, not scientists.

Second, the CMB spectral energy distribution, the dipole and the the angular power spectrum "pose a problem to a Plasma Cosmology approach" because said approach is so universal in its claims (of scope, if nothing else); ergo, said approach MUST be able to account for these, quantitatively, if it is to be taken seriously (in its own terms).

Let's look at what happens if these are not taken seriously, by PC believers ...

For starters, there's no doubt whatsoever that these CMB phenomena are within the stated scope of PC.

For seconds, there's no doubt whatsoever that PC claims to be complete, comprehensive, and (above all) scientific.

It follows that anything (within scope) unexplained is an anomaly, or worse.

Seems to me that these aspects of the CMB do, almost by definition, pose a problem for the PC approach ...

(to be continued)

* "plasma clouds within the Milky Way" - NOT
 
I also object to the BBE being ex nihilio, we just can't say what was there before, we can speculate all we want and perhaps come to testable hypothesis but the Big Expansion Event does not have to be ex nihilio.

What is wrong with the nuclear theory and billions of years Zeuzzz, we have billions of years to look at.
 
It goes against piece after piece of assumptions in the Big Bang that have been piled up ontop of each other to prove the creationist perspective of the universe. Name one of these observations you speak of, and I can reply directly.
Explanation of Olbers' paradox.

Indeed they probably would. They think that any cosmology has to be used to prove the Big Bang, or any other slant on an initial event of creation. If an initial event of creation (the Big Bang) is wrong, that’s utter nonsense.
You missed my point. Google definitions of cosmology. Then compare those definitions to your comment I was responding to.

Anything that does entertain their creationist like world view would just be dismissed as not a cosmology at all, and so not worthy of consideration.
You're starting to sound like a conspiracy theorist.

A completely different type of cosmology does not have to be based on the same assumptions as the other ones. Plasma cosmology does not include an origin for the universe, certainly not a Big Bang, but does not rule one out either. The universe is assumed infinite in time, as because we don’t see anything being created out of nothing, or disappearing into nothing now, it is assumed that this is indeed the case. Quite a simple step really.
We can't see the big bang because the universe was opaque. Of course you'd expect to see something from when the universe became transparent. Oh wait, we do.

Plasma Cosmology is a completely different type of cosmology. Its similar in some respects to fractal cosmologies, and infact predicts a fractal structure to the universe on the large scale, which recent observations seem to be confirming. The universal distribution is not smooth and homogeneous, nearly every new observation is now showing that the universe is not at all homogeneous, but clumpy, like a fractal.
Depends on what scale we're talking.

I haven't. You seem to be confused between me saying that the universe is in a steady state, literally, and Hoyles steady state theory. Easy mistake to make :)
So I'm wrong about you talking about QSST?

And neither do PC proponents. That would just be silly.

Please name some of these inconsistencies, and show where they are being used "both at once" and I can reply directly.
DRD just did.

Every area of science relies on observation. Yes, the universe is your lab from which you deduce models, but PC proponents like to tie down the models of the universe to some form of reality, reproducible in actual in situ laboratory Earth based laboratories. Unfortunately for most ‘mainstream’ theories, no-one has ever found any dark matter, strange matter, Strange Quark Matter, exotic matter, expansion, or dark energy to use, and there’s insufficient knowledge of how gravity functions at small scales to induce it for direct experiments.
No one has ever made a replica of the Sun in the lab either. Do you think the existence of the Sun is under debate?
Btw, when you say "no-one has ever found... expansion...", what do you mean?

There would be no knowledge in astrophysics without the reception of radiation, whether electromagnetic, neutrino, gravitational or cosmic rays (the latter forming an exception in having non-zero rest mass),
At least two flavours of neutrino have mass too.
By the way, what do you think our primary evidence for the existence of the Sun is?

but from Earth based experiments, where we have many extra controls on our tests, we can gain a lot more knowledge than what is inferred alone from distant radiation. That’s why PC places the experimental EM laboratory experiments in such high regard, a certain little method sometimes referred to as the experimental method.
So why do you keep spouting on about intrinsic redshift? If this doesn't follow you're experimental method.

Since the attractive field of magnetostatics obeys the same geometric attributes as gravity (inverse square), but is much stronger, you can often apply a weak magnetic/electric field to replicate the effects that gravity would have on the space object in question.
Even when the mass is such that under GR it would contract to form a blackhole?
 
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Arp et al., quasars, fractal universes, SDSS survey/data, etc (II).

For the benefit of any lurkers/readers who are in doubt, here's why (one reason anyway) Arpian 'intrinsic redshifts' pull the rug under at least the Labini et al. 'fractal universe' conclusion:

Labini et al. assume that mass/matter is distributed in a way that follows the stuff that we can see (galaxies, intra-cluster medium, etc), and that that mass/matter is at distances from us proportional to the observed redshifts (modulo some modest 'peculiar velocity').

There are many variants on the Arp et al. 'intrinsic redshift'; some have it that even stars in our own MW galaxy have it (i.e. if you could bring a chunk of such a star into your lab, and stick it in a spectrograph, the atomic transition lines would be different than those of your standard H, Na, Fe, etc), others that it is a property only of galaxies (i.e. galaxy stuffs would differ in the lines you'd see in your lab spectrograph, systematically by galaxy type, or some other attribute), yet others that it is a property of only some subclasses (e.g. AGN, or quasars).

Take just the variant Z cited - quasars have 'intrinsic redshifts'; in this variant, quasars are all (or mostly) 'local', they are associated with big, bright, nearby galaxies.

Obviously, Labini et al. did not include quasars in their input distributions of mass/matter! However, if quasars turn out to be 'local', then they must be included.

Oh, and in case you're wondering ... there are an awful lot of quasars - far more than the number of big, bright, nearby galaxies - so leaving them out (if they are, in fact, 'local') would completely mess up any conclusions about fractal distributions of mass/matter ...

Questions?
 
As someone who has been aware of Scotts various theories about the sun for longer than even I have, I am amazed you would ask such a question. You obviously already know the answer to this question, so I suggest you answer your own question and come up with a more productive one.

Poor form, do you want to explain any data that Scott's theory explains or is this just grand hand waving ?
 
As someone who has been aware of Scotts various theories about the sun for longer than even I have, I am amazed you would ask such a question. You obviously already know the answer to this question, so I suggest you answer your own question and come up with a more productive one.

 
Nevermind.

The great thing about Zeuzzz is that even after an idea (such as the electric sun, or the idea that galactic rotation curves are affected by EM forces) has been exposed as utterly absurd in a conversation he participated in, he continues to bring them up as if there were nothing wrong. I've seen this happen multiple times (even in cases where he himself agreed with the conclusion previously). It's like he re-sets his brain to a previous state, ignoring all the information (not to mention logic) which passed through it since then.

My diagnosis is that this indicates either profound stupidity, pseudo-religious conviction, or heavy drug use. Being charitable I tend towards the second.
 
The great thing about Zeuzzz is that even after an idea (such as the electric sun, or the idea that galactic rotation curves are affected by EM forces) has been exposed as utterly absurd in a conversation he participated in, he continues to bring them up as if there were nothing wrong.


Any evidence? would it really be that hard to give a reason? "the idea that galactic rotation curves are affected by EM forces has been exposed as utterly absurd... [because .................]". That way you are not just making personal comments in your usual fashion, and I could respond productively to your post.
 
It goes against piece after piece of assumptions in the Big Bang that have been piled up ontop of each other to prove the creationist perspective of the universe. Name one of these observations you speak of, and I can reply directly.
Explanation of Olbers' paradox.


Thats much better, something I can reply to. Olbers paradox is not a problem for PC, as the fractal nature of plasma from Lerners model of the large scale structrue of the universe predicts a fractal dimension D~2 on the large scale. New maps of the strucrture of the universe (mainly from SDSS) seem to be adding further evidence for this fractal distribution. This solves Olbers paradox.


You missed my point. Google definitions of cosmology. Then compare those definitions to your comment I was responding to.


You missed my point. It is a cosmology, but a different approach to cosmology. Fundamentally different. Plasma cosmology is built from the ground up in a "standard" (controlled physical testing) manner. It is an extension of laboratory tests with electricity, and mathematically begins with plasma physics. It is built from the small scale, and extends itself into the large scale as far as it can go with empirical evidence.

PC theory extends outward as our in-situ technologies improve and we can record the energy transfers between the sun and the Earth using newer technologies. It extends outward as we watch the acceleration of solar wind particles leave the photosphere. It extends outward as we observe "twisted magnetic ropes" between objects in space, etc, etc.

Lambda-CMD theory begins with a premise, specifically that all matter and energy originated from 0, and it attempts to build a "big picture" concept that then extends downward into the solar system and into the lab. It is a completely different approach to science. Do you understand this fundamental difference in approach to cosmology?


So I'm wrong about you talking about QSST?


Yes.

No one has ever made a replica of the Sun in the lab either. Do you think the existence of the Sun is under debate?


Wrong. People have. Starting with birkeland. And most of the work simulating many separate aspects of the sun are available to see in various PC journals. Due to the scale invarient nature of maxwells equations, and the scaleability of plasma, you categorically can make a replica of the sun, or one very near to it, in the laboratory. Take a look at Birkelands original results; http://www.plasma-universe.com/inde...ectric_Phenomena_in_Solar_Systems_and_Nebulae

or any of the other experiments done since... just found this one for instance; http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3260985.stm "Solar flare 'reproduced' in lab"


Btw, when you say "no-one has ever found... expansion...", what do you mean?


Can you demonstrate that inflation exists in reality; empirically in a controlled scientific test? Me thinks not. It remains entirely metaphysical. Matematical constructs can be very useful, but only when applied to real physics and controlled empirical evidence. I don't appreciate mathematical mythologies that rely upon unqualified concepts like gnomes, inflation, dark energy or dark matter. There is a significant difference between the mathematical modeling done by Alfven, where each mathematical model was studied in relationship to the actual behaviors of real plasma in controlled laboratory conditions, and mathematical mythologies that are based on something unqualified like inflation. Whereas Alfven made every effort to make sure his models matched physical properties of plasma in a lab, Guth made no attempt to demonstrate that inflation really existed. No one has ever demonstrated that inflation exists, or has any effect on matter. Therefore stuffing inflation into a mathematical model is pointless, just as you might find it pointless for me to create mathematical models related to magical forces.


So why do you keep spouting on about intrinsic redshift? If this doesn't follow you're experimental method.


I dont! DRD continually brings intrinsic redshift up without ever referencing any of the actual physical scientific models that have been developed to try to explain the observations Arp has collected. We are a long way away from coming up with a complete theory that explains the intrinsic redshift issue, thats why the vast majority of PC work is still using standard redshift distances, until a more conclusive theory can account for redshifts, or whatever happens in the future in this area. Work has started with various theories, raman scattering, the wolf effect, plasma redshift, various other testable tired light theories, the thing that they all have in common is that they are directly experimentally verifiable solutions that can be tested. The majority of objects in the universe seem to follow the standard redshift picture, but PC does not ignore the objects that seemingly repudiate it like most 'mainstreamers' do, they try to actually evaluate alternative theories that can account for the anomalies. If that means re-evaluating the fundamental definition of what redshift represents, then so be it.
 
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Just briefly ...
[...]
Tubbythin said:
No one has ever made a replica of the Sun in the lab either. Do you think the existence of the Sun is under debate?

Wrong. People have. Starting with birkeland.
:jaw-dropp

More classic Zeuzzzzzzz! :D

In which lab, whether Birkeland's or not, has a mass of ~2 x 10^30 kg been assembled (could be 75% H and 25% He, or could be all Fe, or anything else)?
And most of the work simulating many separate aspects of the sun are available to see in various PC journals. Due to the scale invarient nature of maxwells equations, and the scaleability of plasma, you categorically can make a replica of the sun, or one very near to it, in the laboratory.

[... nonsense skipped]
Last time I read any of those, the stated mass of the replicas was more like ~ kgs or (perhaps) ~tonnes ... how did they address the scaling of mass, may I ask?

[...]
So why do you keep spouting on about intrinsic redshift? If this doesn't follow you're experimental method.
I dont! DRD continually brings intrinsic redshift up without ever referencing any of the actual physical scientific models that have been developed to try to explain the observations Arp has collected.
I do?!?

I wasn't aware of any such "actual physical scientific models"! Certainly none whatsoever that can account for even a modest subset of the relevant observations of quasars, much less galaxies ...

(BTW, when you finally get around to the >30 posts of unanswered questions, I think you'll find several of relevance to this).

We are a long way away from coming up with a complete theory that explains the intrinsic redshift issue, thats why the vast majority of PC work is still using standard redshift distances, until a more conclusive theory can account for redshifts, or whatever happens in the future in this area. Work has started with various theories, raman scattering, the wolf effect, plasma redshift, various other testable tired light theories, the thing that they all have in common is that they are directly experimentally verifiable solutions that can be tested.
Ah, I didn't know you could make jokes, Z, thanks! :)

But just in case you aren't joking ... you mean lots of ad hoc assumptions, magic fairies (a.k.a. really cranky non-science), tweaks, reams and reams of abstract math, ... and nary an observational result involving a replica of the ISM or IGM or inter-cluster medium?

But wait! There's more!!

You mean that the *best* you can say is that none of this stuff was *predicted* from plasma physics? that PC wonks are working feverishly to invent some theory for something Alfvén (not to mention Birkeland) did not include in any of his papers?!?

The majority of objects in the universe seem to follow the standard redshift picture, but PC does not ignore the objects that seemingly repudiate it like most 'mainstreamers' do, they try to actually evaluate alternative theories that can account for the anomalies. If that means re-evaluating the fundamental definition of what redshift represents, then so be it.
Ah yes ... and in the meantime continuing to promote papers that point to something like fractal dimensions out to ~30 Mpc while simultaneously denying there's any potential conflict (as in fatal inconsistency) with Arpian ideas on intrinsic redshifts for quasars? Oh, and not to mention a rolling up of sleeves to look at the methods Arp used, just in case there is something to the repeated criticism of his work (wonky statistics, for example)? Perish the thought.
 
Scott's "The Electric Sky", Is that the same as this?
http://www.electric-cosmos.org/sun.htm

Have you read it? Anybody?


Yep. I can see some problems with it, but I can also see various ideas worth working with. Any nuggets are small and well disguised.

The IEEE seems to be finding some merit in the lees speculative ideas for example; A Solar Junction Transistor Mechanism - IEEE Pulsed Power Plasma Science, 2007.

Abstract

Observational evidence suggests the presence of a plasma double layer (DL) above the surface of the Sun. Such a DL, together with a single charge layer (SL) directly below it, provides a straight-forward explanation for the existence of the temperature minimum in the lower corona, the X-ray emissions observed above sunspots, and the variations observed in the intensity of the solar wind. This plasma sheath is arguably a generic feature, in varying degree, surrounding all stars. Thus, this mechanism would affect stellar physics and plasma cosmology at their most fundamental level. These three charge layers constitute a pnp junction transistor-like mechanism. The action produced by this morphology controls (varies) and even cuts-off the solar wind. Acceleration of solar wind ions within the DL causes the observed temperature inversion. The failure of the invention of magnetic reconnection to explain these several observed solar phenomena is clear. A three-layer charge density structure, similar to the SL, DL anode tufting combination that is familiar to plasma engineers is a hypothesis that offers a reasonable explanation without the invention of "new science".


So its not all as crackpot as people here make out, there are many aspects that hold merit, the IEEE would not publish it if it was not.
 
One more thing: do I understand you correctly Z? You (and PCers in general) are happy to accept the universality of "the scaleability of plasma" without actually testing it in the lab?!? Over size regimes of interest in astrophysics I mean ...

Can "plasma" be scaled by 10^-10? 10^-100? 10^10? 10^100??

At what physical scales (regimes) does "the scaleability of plasma" break down?
 
[...]

So its not all as crackpot as people here make out, there are many aspects that hold merit, the IEEE would not publish it if it was not.
Huh?

They published the crackpot papers of Thornhill, didn't they?
 
Huh?

They published the crackpot papers of Thornhill, didn't they?


Oh yeah, the one that you wont actually talk about past comparing his different style to previous papers, and not talking about the model he is actually proposing.

Do you know what a glow discharge is yet? Or do you still not have a clue about what his paper is getting at? You want me to explain it to you?
 
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Just briefly ...:jaw-dropp

More classic Zeuzzzzzzz! :D

In which lab, whether Birkeland's or not, has a mass of ~2 x 10^30 kg been assembled (could be 75% H and 25% He, or could be all Fe, or anything else)?


What a stupid question. You remember by previous post about how the geometric properties of the EM field are the same as gravity, and this can be used to account for gravitation in experiments?

I dont get your point. What exactly is wrong with all the experiments that have simulated the various phenomenon on the sun? You are seriously saying they are all flawed as the experiment doesn't have the exact same mass as the sun? :)

Ah yes ... and in the meantime continuing to promote papers that point to something like fractal dimensions out to ~30 Mpc while simultaneously denying there's any potential conflict (as in fatal inconsistency) with Arpian ideas on intrinsic redshifts for quasars? Oh, and not to mention a rolling up of sleeves to look at the methods Arp used, just in case there is something to the repeated criticism of his work (wonky statistics, for example)? Perish the thought.


The rest of this post is a joke. You really need to think about your arguments, very deep and hard. You seem to have it in your head that anything in PC that uses redshift relationships is wrong. What else should they use? There is no plasma cosmology paper that says such a thing. They are quite specific about the various redshift anomalies. Your tactic of bunching things into just 'intrinsic redshift', but not actually naming the actual theory used to explain it and how it could infact be consistent with observations is getting very, very tiring.
 
Poor form, do you want to explain any data that Scott's theory explains or is this just grand hand waving ?


Not here, I started a separate thread for the electric star theory before, and I'll revive that in the future if you want to discuss that. But most of Scotts star theory (ie, alternate power source) doesn't belong in this thread.

Its not poor form. What is poor form is asking questions that you already know the answer to, like DRD continually does.

Theres no point her asking the question "What does Scott say powers the sun" if she already knows the answer to it. Asking a specific question about this idea would be more suitable. Like "Does the heat energy derive from ohmic dissipation?" "Does the electrical power produce the majority of the suns power output, or just a percentage?" "In this model, is the surface current and voltage sufficient enough to produce Z-pinch fusion?" "Is the energy internal to the system, or resulting from an interaction between the photosphere and the heliosphere?" something like that. But it seems impossible to have any type of productive conversation with DRD.

If I make a valid point its usually ignored. Usually, her favourite technique is to ignore what I say about a certain subject, and just say afterwards "none of this works as Arp's personal beliefs about redshift rule this model out completely", without actually discussing the subject I brought up. Like the fractal structure of the universe. This would be an example of where PC, just like the various theories involved in mainstream astronomy, does not try to use all their various theories all at once. I could spend ages complaining how the dozens of "mainstream" accounts for galactic rotation curves are all amazingly inconsistent, and so this obviously means that mainstream science is pure woo filled with huge internal inconsistencies that the authors of the papers never acknowledge, but that would be stupid, because they are different theories. Or if I make a valid point about Glow discharges, instead of asking me about the properties of glow discharges that could account for the spectra of stars, I just got a barrage of DRDs personal opinion on the style of Thornhills paper, without ever discussing the physics of Glow Discharges (the fundamental point behind the whole of that paper that seems to have eluded DRD, despite her reading it). A productive discussion does not seem possible while DRD seems to have so much ego vested in *winning* this long running debate. I have made many concessions in this thread and others, DRD seems incapable of doing so.

I think that Scott summed this type of approach pretty well in this article. http://www.electric-cosmos.org/Rejoinder.htm#_ftn2up

Dr Marcello Truzzi, co-founder of CSICOP, coined the term pseudoskepticism to denote what is becoming an increasingly common form of scientific fundamentalism and vigilantism. [[DRD]] adopts the stance of the pseudoskeptic, one of “those who shout their objections but don’t take proper note of what is going on.”


It may be a good idea to see how many of Nereids points fall into these categories;

http://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/Pseudoskepticism
Characteristics of pseudoskeptics

The first extensive analysis of the term pseudoskepticism was conducted by Marcello Truzzi, Professor of Sociology at Eastern Michigan University, who in 1987 claimed that pseudoskeptics show the following characteristics:

* The tendency to deny, rather than doubt,[2]
* Double standards in the application of criticism, [3]
* The making of judgements without full inquiry,[4]
* Tendency to discredit, rather than investigate,[5]
* Use of ridicule or ad hominem attacks,[6]
* Presenting insufficient evidence or proof, [7]
* Pejorative labelling of proponents as 'promoters', 'pseudoscientists' or practitioners of 'pathological science.' [8]
* Assuming criticism requires no burden of proof, [9]
* Making unsubstantiated counter-claims,[10]
* Counter-claims based on plausibility rather than empirical evidence,[11]
* Suggesting that unconvincing evidence is grounds for dismissing it,[12]
* Tendency to dismiss all evidence



Nereid; why did you not join this forum with an already long list of problems with PC/EU from your considerably large amount of previous discussions on this subject online? Or have you not really been paying any attention to what the people in the large amount of threads you lock at various fora have been saying? Who appointed you as the internets obsequious sycophant to popular scientific ideology?, with the mission of purging the internet of any soul that commits the crime of having a different opinion to that of yourself and your personal 'mainstream' world view? Or is your crusade purely self inspired? It seems that you've only actually started to become aware of what PC is in this thread, where you don’t have the admin privilege of silencing opposing views by simply locking threads or banning people. Hardly a scientific approach. At least now you seem to know roughly what you've been arguing against all these years.

Lets take a look at another list and see how it applies;

http://www.skepticalinvestigations.org/exam/Josephson_disbelief.pdf
Characteristics of scientific sceptics, according to Beaudette:

1. They do not express their criticisms in those venues where it
will be subject to peer review.
2. They do not go into the laboratory and practise the
experiment along with the practitioner.
3. Assertions are offered as though they were scientifically
based when in fact they are mere guesses.
4. Satire, dismissal and slander are freely employed.
5. When explanations are advanced ... ad hoc reasons are
constantly advanced for their rejection. These reasons often
assert offhand that the explanation violates some conservation
law.
6. Evidence is rejected outright if it does not answer every
possible question at the outset.


lets see:

1. No-one on this forum has come up with a peer reviewed refutation of plasma cosmology to date. Very odd that.
2. This is true as no-one seems interested in the experiments that PC advocates carry out. The various phenomenon that Birkeland simulated on his Teralla that we also observe in space were just mere co-incidence apparently. They are dismissed before even done, and certainly not reproduced or examined by 'mainstreamers'.
3. Very true, especially when asked to quantify why a certain observation actually proves a problem to PC, a concrete reason is rarely given. PC may not explain the dipole of the CMB, but you have to state why this is a problem for PC (ie, why it proves the Big Bang)
4. From the sheer amount of posts we have spent talking about the people who write the material, and not the material itself in this thread, we can safely say that this tactic applies here.
5. This has not been a tactic used so much here. Touch wood.
6. Soooo true. If theres one minor problem with a theory the whole theory is often far to readily dismissed. Relativity contains plenty of inexplicable paradoxes; but we dont dismiss it.



I'm done here for the day, I'm going to answer the questions DRD/Nereid has assembled in previous posts, to try to stop all these offhand accusations of me not answering questions, or avoiding answers. Questions posted from now on will have to wait a while until I've answered these previous ones. And when I've answered them, I'll return to more accusations that theres more questions I havent answered, from my previous answers. Then we'll argue about that for a while. Eventually I'll answer them too. And when I've answered them I'll get more accusations that theres more questions I havent answered, from the answers given from my previous answers. Then I'll answer them. Then I'll get accused of not answering more questions from the questions I just answered, then I'll answer them aswell. And then everything will be answered, everyone will be happy, and we can all hold hands and skip off into the sunset.
 
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Thats much better, something I can reply to. Olbers paradox is not a problem for PC, as the fractal nature of plasma from Lerners model of the large scale structrue of the universe predicts a fractal dimension D~2 on the large scale. New maps of the strucrture of the universe (mainly from SDSS) seem to be adding further evidence for this fractal distribution. This solves Olbers paradox.
How? You're gonna have to be a bit more explanatory than that...

You missed my point. It is a cosmology, but a different approach to cosmology. Fundamentally different. Plasma cosmology is built from the ground up in a "standard" (controlled physical testing) manner. It is an extension of laboratory tests with electricity, and mathematically begins with plasma physics. It is built from the small scale, and extends itself into the large scale as far as it can go with empirical evidence.
Which, from your posts on here, seems to be about as far as the front door.

PC theory extends outward as our in-situ technologies improve and we can record the energy transfers between the sun and the Earth using newer technologies. It extends outward as we watch the acceleration of solar wind particles leave the photosphere. It extends outward as we observe "twisted magnetic ropes" between objects in space, etc, etc.
None of this is cosmology!

Lambda-CMD theory begins with a premise, specifically that all matter and energy originated from 0, and it attempts to build a "big picture" concept that then extends downward into the solar system and into the lab. It is a completely different approach to science. Do you understand this fundamental difference in approach to cosmology?
Yes. The latter is cosmology, the former is just bad astrophysics.

Erm looks like you used the founding father of SST to argue from authority righthere. As well as, for some reason, a chemist.

Wrong. People have. Starting with birkeland. And most of the work simulating many separate aspects of the sun are available to see in various PC journals. Due to the scale invarient nature of maxwells equations, and the scaleability of plasma, you categorically can make a replica of the sun, or one very near to it, in the laboratory.
Very near as in within about 30 orders of magnitude?

"Solar flare 'reproduced' in lab"
And we can reproduce nuclear reactions that go on in the Sun too. But that for some reason you dont believe in because its not reproduceable in the Sun.

Can you demonstrate that inflation exists in reality; empirically in a controlled scientific test? Me thinks not.
Erm I think that was done in 1998 (or thereabouts) looking at supernovae. Besides, your statment seemed to be suggesting there was an expansin particle or something.

It remains entirely metaphysical.
Please tell us all how supernovae are metaphysical.

Matematical constructs can be very useful, but only when applied to real physics and controlled empirical evidence. I don't appreciate mathematical mythologies that rely upon unqualified concepts like gnomes, inflation, dark energy or dark matter.
So explain galactic rotation curves. Without dark matter. And consistent with observation. You've failed on this before. Try again. Revolutionize physics. OR stop referring to DM as a gnome.

There is a significant difference between the mathematical modeling done by Alfven, where each mathematical model was studied in relationship to the actual behaviors of real plasma in controlled laboratory conditions, and mathematical mythologies that are based on something unqualified like inflation. Whereas Alfven made every effort to make sure his models matched physical properties of plasma in a lab, Guth made no attempt to demonstrate that inflation really existed. No one has ever demonstrated that inflation exists, or has any effect on matter. Therefore stuffing inflation into a mathematical model is pointless, just as you might find it pointless for me to create mathematical models related to magical forces.
How does one perform an experiment in a lab when the lab has to be the size of the universe?

I dont! DRD continually brings intrinsic redshift up without ever referencing any of the actual physical scientific models that have been developed to try to explain the observations Arp has collected.
I think DRD and DD did a very good job of explaining it. Rubbish statistics.
 
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((well, maybe one more quickie))

How? You're gonna have to be a bit more explanatory than that...


Maybe look up the model I'm talking about would be a good idea?

And lets not forget that Lerners magnetically confined filament compression plasma model, in which the filaments condense gravitationally into a fractal distribution of matter, predicted that the universe would have a fractal dimension at large scales. This is why the prediction of fractal dimension (D~2) was made, and this value seems to be what scientists that investigate fractal cosmologies keep finding. Another successful PC prediction by the looks of things. And the newest data from SDSS has added further evidence for a large scale fractal structure in the universe, with D at ~2.1; (see; http://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1132, or any other recent paper on fractal cosmologies) The associated recent press releases may be useful for anyone too lazy to read the paper; NewScientist: Galaxy map hints at fractal universe, and Discovery of Cosmic Fractals by Yurij Baryshev and Pekka Teerikorpi (need subscription for latter)



None of this is cosmology!


None of this is the old type of cosmology. Plamsa Cosmology is a different type of cosmology, which includes experimentally verified physics as opposed to wild mathematical speculations based on mythological events.



And we can reproduce nuclear reactions that go on in the Sun too. But that for some reason you dont believe in because its not reproduceable in the Sun.


Care to share some of this energy with the world?


Please tell us all how supernovae are metaphysical.


I never said that. I was talking about inflation.


So explain galactic rotation curves. Without dark matter. And consistent with observation. You've failed on this before. Try again. Revolutionize physics. OR stop referring to DM as a gnome.


Peratts model has a flat rotation curve (http://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/Galaxy_formation). And using his idea of two interacting filaments, not just a centre mass pulling everything to the centre, you can infact create a gravitationally driven galaxy model that does not require dark matter, it just uses a different initial mass distribution than the one assumed in the Big BAng framework. Take a look at this for example, which uses some of Peratts galaxy model for inspiration; http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0804/0804.3203v1.pdf


How does one perform an experiment in a lab when the lab has to be the size of the universe?


It doesn't. Thats the whole point of plasma/EM scaling.


I think DRD and DD did a very good job of explaining it. Rubbish statistics.


Please show where rubbish statistics come into the actual specific explanations that have been offered to explain intrinsic redshifts, such as raman scattering, the wolf effect or plasma redshift.
 
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No time for a full reply right now but...

None of this is the old type of cosmology. Plamsa Cosmology is a different type of cosmology, which includes experimentally verified physics as opposed to wild mathematical speculations based on mythological events.
Plasma cosmology is a different type of cosmology in the same sense that rhinos are a different breed of carrot.

Care to share some of this energy with the world?
You first. What with plasma physicists apparently having reproduced the SUn and everything.

I never said that. I was talking about inflation.
I was talking about expansion. You changed the subject.

Please show where rubbish statistics come into the actual specific explanations that have been offered to explain intrinsic redshifts, such as raman scattering, the wolf effect or plasma redshift.
There is no need for explanation of hypothesis X if the statistics don't prove hypothesis X is correct.
 
The scientific theory of Plasma Cosmology is that of Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén. This was expanded upon by Anthony Peratt, especially in the area of galaxy formation.

But the "plasma cosmology" that has emerged in this thread is not Plasma Cosmology and is not a scientific theory. Since it's proponents claim that it is a scientific theory that makes it woo.

The definition of "plasma cosmology"is that it is a collection of scientific theories (not one consistent scientific theory) with a common thread. This thread seems to be that the theory either emphasizes the contribution of plasma in the universe or is a steady state cosmological theory.



This collection allows the addition of any new theory that matches the criteria regardless of consistency with existing theories in the collection. Thus the collection allows:
  • Multiple inconsistent theories on cosmological redshift.
  • Multiple inconsistent theories on the cosmic microwave background.
  • Multiple inconsistent theories on the structure of the universe.
  • Multiple inconsistent theories on stellar formation.
The PC collection includes:
  • Peratt's plasma model of galaxy formation.
  • Lerner's model of element formation in galaxies.
  • Tired-light explanation of cosmological redshifts.
  • Intrinsic redshifts from the ejection of quasars from bright galaxies.
  • Other theories which may include the Electric Universe (e.g. electrically powered stars).
  • Lerner's explanation of the CMB
  • Peratt's explanation of the CMB, but it hasn't been introduced yet.
  • Peratt's ideas on quasars/QSOs/radio galaxies/AGNs (only tangentially referenced).
  • Various ideas on fractal scaling, up to ~tens of Mpc
  • Something about 'force free filaments' (unclear whether this is a separate idea or an essential part of one or more of the above).
  • Also the original Plasma Cosmology of Hannes Alfvén?
  • All standard plasma theories.
  • Electric Universe (see the latest posts).
  • Iron Sun?
  • etc. (I will add to this list as this thread progresses since no one really knows what theories are included)
There seems to be an emphasis on the extension of laboratory experiments to large sizes via plasma scaling (ignoring the problems with this - see the Astrophysical application section).

PC completely forgets about the laboratory experiments on gravity that can be scaled withouth any problems to cosmic scales.
 
Any evidence? would it really be that hard to give a reason? "the idea that galactic rotation curves are affected by EM forces has been exposed as utterly absurd... [because .................]". That way you are not just making personal comments in your usual fashion, and I could respond productively to your post.


Because no one has ever demonstrated a charge on a star that could cause it to accelerate the required amount to account for the rotation curve given the known level of the galactic magnetic field.

Remember when you claimed I was harrasing you? That was part of it object, mass of object, charge of object and magnetic field,accerleartion of object beyond gravity minus dark matter, do you have selective amnesia, you only avoided answering the challenge to demonstrate your 'semi rigid ' structure of the galaxy provided by EM forces, but you refuse to put numbers abd actuals to any of it.

Now you are again saying the same thing, what do you have to demonstrate that it is more than an unsubstantiated belief that you hold as an article of faith.

Object and numbers please?
 
Any evidence? would it really be that hard to give a reason? "the idea that galactic rotation curves are affected by EM forces has been exposed as utterly absurd... [because .................]". That way you are not just making personal comments in your usual fashion, and I could respond productively to your post.

You want me to give a reason.

Zeuzzz, I know from experience that your memory is very bad. But even you ought to recall that we discussed this at great length a while back. It is totally, absurdly, completely impossible for EM forces to have any significant effect on the motion of stars. We calculated the force, we saw what the necessary charges and fields are to compete with gravity, and we all - including you, if in your usual mealy-mouthed fashion - agreed it was impossible. And now (just as I said) back to square one.

No, I'm not going to repeat the math (which was totally unnecessary in any case), and no I'm not going to dig up the links - that would obviously be an utter waste of my time.
 
Thats much better, something I can reply to. Olbers paradox is not a problem for PC, as the fractal nature of plasma from Lerners model of the large scale structrue of the universe predicts a fractal dimension D~2 on the large scale. New maps of the strucrture of the universe (mainly from SDSS) seem to be adding further evidence for this fractal distribution. This solves Olbers paradox.

This is just.... utter gibberish.

First of all, a fractal distribution is only possible on large scales - scales much, much larger than the size of a star (that's completely obvious if you know even the definitions of the terms you used, which I doubt). But if you want to know how many stars there are within some volume, you divide it up into star-sized (or smaller) boxes and count how many of the boxes have stars in them. A fractal structure on large scales does nothing to change the fact that this count will grow with standard 3-d volume, and therefore does nothing at all to alleviate Olber's paradox.

It's really very simple - if your universe is translation invariant, it must have some volume density of stars which is also translation invariant. That's it - we're done. (Fractals don't help, because stars have a finite size and therefore cannot have a true fractal distribution.)

Moreover (as DRD already pointed it out) it's complete nonsense to use SDSS data as evidence for fractal structure in a steady state model. The SDSS data analysis is all predicated on an expanding universe, and their final results are meaningless in a SS model.
 
Dark matter has not been observed. Evidence, which is assumed to prove dark matter, has been observed.
 
I don't appreciate mathematical mythologies that rely upon unqualified concepts like gnomes, inflation, dark energy or dark matter.

So what stops your plasma cosmology universe from contracting under its own gravity?
 
Can "gravity" ... without, of course, positing the existance of hypothetical dark matter and dark energy of various types and characteristics?

You failed to understand the point. Both gravity and plasma can in principle be "scaled". That is, we know what the laws of physics are and so we can deduce what the situation will be when we scale everything up in size. One of the immediate and obvious consequences is that gravity is much stronger than electromagnetism (for large objects which are uncharged on average).
 
One of the immediate and obvious consequences is that gravity is much stronger than electromagnetism (for large objects which are uncharged on average).

After looking at images of objects shooting energetic particles and electrons 20,00 light years through space, or even a hundred million light years, I find the "gravity is stronger" belief system to be a bit ludicrous.

Large objects, like stars, black holes, galaxies and stuff like that, are anything but neutral when it comes to EM. I think the problem is some people only consider EM to be electricity, rather than a term that refers to all energies in the EM spectrum, including of course, magnetism.

Our nearby friend Jupiter is a good example. Considered "neutral" by some, it has the most powerful magnetic field of any object we can directly measure. The magnetic field is far more influential at a distance than it's gravity, which is pretty impressive as well.

Jupiter's gravity doesn't do much to the solar wind, but that EM field, it extends past Saturn's orbit, and causes fantastic energetic displays.

Comparing gravity and EM is apples and oranges. The only things they have in common, are that they both are ever present, infinite in effect, and neither one can change the other!

What a friggin cool Universe.
 

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