Here is the Stellar Mapping Camera catalog entry from the National Space Science Data Center. I think this one's for Apollo 17; the entries for A15 and A16 are easily found from the NSSDC search function.
A really gorgeous image of Atlantis reentering as seen from above, taken by the ISS crew. This nighttime image captures the stars nicely.
The Keyhole Nebula in the Milky Way as photographed from the ISS.
Here is the National Space Science Data Center catalog for the Skylab astronomy data, including solar imagery collected via the H-alpha telescopes, and photography of Comet Kohoutek, like this one.
Here's the H-alpha instrument:
http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/THUMB/0101909.jpg
There's also a bundle of ultraviolet and X-ray data, which is what anyone who actually knew anything about the subject would expect to be a priority for any spaceborne astronomy done with modestly-sized instruments.
And more stars on a night image of the Southern Lights.
And again, this time from Shuttle mission STS-39.
Venus, at magnitude -4 much brighter than any star (except, of course, the Sun), taken by Apollo 14's Alan Shepherd. Venus also turned up in images taken from the lunar surface by the Apollo 16 crew, but the stars are too faint to show up in exposures set for lunar daylight.
Pluto and her four, count 'em four, moons, as imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Earth, the Moon, and Jupiter and his Galilean moons as seen from Mars orbit, courtesy of Mars Global Surveyor.
Images of Jupiter, Neptune, and star cluster Messier 7 from Pluto-bound New Horizons.