Epigenetics

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previous thread: http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showthread.php?t=123612

I retitled this one, as the title and OP of the last was highly misleading. Was four years ago I wrote it now. Edited OP slightly, the reason I bumped such an old thread was I watched a BBC documentary on Epigenetics very recently, read from here for the recent posts. The discussion progressed a lot since the OP before, but the below quote gives the context in a roundabout way:


The picture of a genetic makeup that fluctuates by the hour and minutes seems at odds with the public perception: That genes determine everything from our physical characteristics all the way to our behaviour. Many scientists seem to think that our geners form an immutable blueprint that our cells must forever follow. British research scientists and Oxford don Susan Greenfield says "the reductionist genetic train of thought fuels the currently highly fashionable concept of a gene for this or that"

Niles edridge in his book Why we do it, says "genes have been the dominant metaphor underlying all manner of human behaviour, from the most basic to animalistic, like sex, up to and including such esoterica as the practise of religion, the enjoyment of music, and the codification of laws and moral strictures... The media are besotted with genes... genes have for over half a century easily eclipsed the outside natural world as the primary driving force of evolution in the minds of evolutionary biologists." (ref)

There seems one problem with this legend: Its not true.


The percentage by which genetic predisposition effects (affects?) various conditions varies, but it is rarely 100%. The tools of our consciousness, including our beliefs, thoughts, intentions and faith, often seem to correlate much more strongly with our health, longevity, and happiness than our genes do. Larry dossey, MD, observes in his much cited publication Health perceptions and survival: do global evaluations of health status really predict mortality? "Several studies show that what one thinks about ones health is one of the most accurate predictors of longevity ever discovered". Studies show that a committed spiritual practise and faith can add many years to our lives, regardless of our genetic mix.


One of the issues that gave rise to Epigenetic considerations was that number of genes in a human chromosome is insufficient to carry all the information required to create and run the human body. It isn't even a big enough number to code for the structure (let alone function) of one complex organ like the brain. Its also to small a number to account for the huge quantity of neutral connections in our bodies.

The basic idea to explain the aspects of us that genes can not, from what I've seen from reading varioujs materials, is that changes in human consciousness produce changes in human bodies, right down to a genetic level. As we think our thoughts and feel our feeling our bodies change and respond with a complex array of shifts, each thought releases a particular mixture of biochemicals in our organs and triggers genetic changes in our cells. Psychologist Ernest Rossi explores in his text The psychobiology of gene expression "how our subjective states of mind, consciously motivated behaviour, and our perception of free will can modulate gene expression to optimize health" Nobel prize winner Eric Kandell MD believes that in future treatments "social influences will be biologically incorporated in the altered expressions of specific genes in specific nerve cells of specific areas of the brain"] Brain researchers Kemperman and Gage envision a future in which the regeneration of damaged neural networks is a cornerstone of medical treatment, and doctors prescriptions include "modulations of environmental or cognitive stimuli", and "alterations of physical activity", in other words, doctors in the future will prescribe, instead of (or in addition to) a drug, a particular therapeutic belief or thought, a positive feeling, an affirmative social activity.

Such emotional states alter gene expression and will get inherited by the next generation. This, in a sense, gives genes a type of memory and allows our own beliefs, consciousness and choices to directly effect many areas of biology previously predicated on materialistic and deterministic theories such as Dawkins selfish gene material, and related theories, which locates the ultimate power over our health in the untouchable realm of molecular structure, rather than in our own conscious actions and descisions.

Anyone think that its likely that in the future doctors will be prescribing theraputic beliefs in place of traditional medicine, once we have found out more about how our individual perceptions and intentions of our health effect it directly?
 
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Studies show that a committed spiritual practise and faith can add many years to our lives, regardless of our genetic mix...

our perception of free will can modulate gene expression...

number of genes in a human chromosome is insufficient to carry all the information required to create and run the human body...

doctors in the future will prescribe... a particular therapeutic belief or thought, a positive feeling
This is all woo, no different to asserting that quantum entanglement is proof of telepathy.

There seems one problem with this legend: Its not true.
There is just one problem with this assertion. The legend does not exist. Nobody is arguing that the environment has no influence on us, or that all our thoughts and actions are totally prescribed by our genes, or that choices we make have no impact on our health.
 
Anyone think that its likely that in the future doctors will be prescribing theraputic beliefs in place of traditional medicine
Not happening. There's no market value in that.
 
There is tremendous market value in therapeutic beliefs -- hundreds of billions of dollars a year, and it doesn't even work!

If it worked...trillions!
 
There is tremendous market value in therapeutic beliefs -- hundreds of billions of dollars a year, and it doesn't even work!

If it worked...trillions!

Umm.

You've heard of the placebo effect, right?

Likewise the nocebo effect? Its evil twin sister. :eek:

You've heard of epigenetics, right? You read my references in the aforementioned thread? I'll/copy paste incase you want to double check the journals or scientific credentials of any of people commenting.

Edited by Locknar: 
<SNIP>, edited breach of Rule 4; the referenced "aforementioned thread" can be found here:
http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showthread.php?t=123612
 
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This is all woo, no different to asserting that quantum entanglement is proof of telepathy.


Why is it woo?

Are you denying biofeedback mechanisms and psychosomatic induced epigenetic changes to gene expression?

I think that asserting that quantum entanglement is proof of telepathy is different than the idea states of mind have various biochemical repercussions, we can actually test and study.
 
Epigenetics is an often misused term. The word should be used to describe heritable changes in gene expression that are not due to DNA sequence differences. Heritable does not have to mean transgenerational. Epigentics is the reason why your neural cells look very different from your muscle cells even though they have the exact same DNA sequence. Typically when people are talking about epigentics they are referring DNA methylation or histone modifcations, but in theory the word could also refer to other properties of the cell.
 
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Are you denying biofeedback mechanisms and psychosomatic induced epigenetic changes to gene expression?
Of course not. It is trivially obvious that the mind affects the body, and that behavior can affect gene expression. But that doesn't mean that we can 'will' our genes to change whenever we feel like it.

At the heart of most woo is the belief that 'mind-power' alone is all you need to affect the outside world, transcending the physical processes that would normally be required. But we know that in reality this isn't so. Just because you can imagine something doesn't mean that it is real, even if you try really really hard to think it into existence. In the act of trying you might coincidentally affect your health, but that doesn't in any way prove that a particular thought will produce the effect that you imagined.

I think that asserting that quantum entanglement is proof of telepathy is different
It is exactly the same. Woos believe that they can transmit or receive thoughts by 'mind-power' alone. Then along comes Quantum Physics, and the woos jump on quantum entanglement as a plausible mechanism for telepathy. But in fact it only occurs to subatomic particles under very specific circumstances, it cannot be used to transmit information, and there is no evidence that telepathy exists anyway.

Similarly, claims that having 'faith' will extend your lifespan, that a 'perception of free will' directly modulates your gene expression, and that 'a particular therapeutic belief or thought' is enough to cure diseases, are just more examples of the idea that 'mind-power' alone can affect the state of your body without acting via physiological processes which the body is actually capable of.

Then along comes Epigenetics, and the woos seize on this as justification for their beliefs. But where is the mechanism that links 'faith' to longevity, or 'free will' to gene expression, or 'belief' to therapeutic results? In the first place the links are tenuous, secondly the evidence for efficacy of 'mind-power' is lacking.

To put it bluntly, the (quite unremarkable) fact that gene expression is dependent on more than just the DNA itself does not mean that you have the ability to change the behavior of your genes however you want, just by 'thinking about it'.
 
...
The percentage by which genetic predisposition effects (affects?) various conditions varies, but it is rarely 100%. The tools of our consciousness, including our beliefs, thoughts, intentions and faith, often seem to correlate much more strongly with our health, longevity, and happiness than our genes do. Larry dossey, MD, observes in his much cited publication Health perceptions and survival: do global evaluations of health status really predict mortality? "Several studies show that what one thinks about ones health is one of the most accurate predictors of longevity ever discovered". Studies show that a committed spiritual practise and faith can add many years to our lives, regardless of our genetic mix.
...

Only looked at this oft-cited paper, written by Idler and Kasl, not Dossey.
They claim that one and only one of the good indicators of mortality is self assessment of health. BTW, the best is just age. But if someone experiences long periods of ill health it would seem obvious their life expectancy would be less than someone who is continuously healthy. You then slid in the assertion that 'many studies' have shown etc. Any evidence for this?

Another BTW, your opening gambit is a strawman as others have pointed out.
 
You then slid in the assertion that 'many studies' have shown etc. Any evidence for this?

Addressing Patients' Emotional and Spiritual Needs
Authors: Clark, Paul Alexander; Drain, Maxwell; Malone, Mary P.
Source: Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, Volume 29, Number 12, December 2003 , pp. 659-670(12)
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jcaho/jcjqs/2003/00000029/00000012/art00007

Priests and cousellors are used all time by the NHS in all types of unexpected sudden death cases.

http://hpq.sagepub.com/content/9/6/713.short
Abstract

A total of 268 medically ill, elderly, hospitalized patients responded to measures of religious coping and spiritual, psychological and physical functioning at baseline and follow-up two years later. After controlling for relevant variables, religious coping was significantly predictive of spiritual outcome, and changes in mental and physical health. Generally, positive methods of religious coping (e.g. seeking spiritual support, benevolent religious reappraisals) were associated with improvements in health. Negative methods of religious coping (e.g. punishing God reappraisal, interpersonal religious discontent) were predictive of declines in health. Patients who continue to struggle with religious issues over time may be particularly at risk for health-related problems.


An existentialist view on mortality salience effects: Personal hardiness, death-thought accessibility, and cultural worldview defence
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466601164911/abstract

Changes in spiritual beliefs after traumatic disability
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999300901175

Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: a two-year longitudinal study.
http://www.mendeley.com/research/re...lderly-patients-twoyear-longitudinal-study-1/
after controlling for relevant variables, religious coping was significantly predictive of spiritual outcome, and changes in mental and physical health. Generally, positive methods of religious coping (e.g. seeking spiritual support, benevolent religious reappraisals) were associated with improvements in health. Negative methods of religious coping (e.g. punishing God reappraisal, interpersonal religious discontent) were predictive of declines in health. Patients who continue to struggle with religious issues over time may be particularly at risk for health-related problems.


That part bolded seems to be one of the main factors that give statically significant results, from what I gather from recent abstracts. So its not saying religion is good or bad, its more how to person chooses to use it as a belief system (fear of death based use of religion vs positive use of religion)
 
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Ok, nice little treat for you:

http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showpost.php?p=8397293&postcount=5

(next time, the scroll bar is on the right, and your eyelids have to be open)
Well that was a pointless scavenger hunt.

It took me to a post which linked to another post, which linked to a couple of book reviews.

Let me be more specific:
What genes, specifically, had their levels of expression altered by biofeedback mechanisms and psychosomatic induction? What protocol was used to quantify the change in gene expression?

Do you have Affymetrix chips or something similar, or is this all nothing but handwaving and conjecture?
 
Addressing Patients' Emotional and Spiritual Needs
Authors: Clark, Paul Alexander; Drain, Maxwell; Malone, Mary P.
Source: Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, Volume 29, Number 12, December 2003 , pp. 659-670(12)
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jcaho/jcjqs/2003/00000029/00000012/art00007
Results
Data analysis revealed a strong relationship between the "degree to which staff addressed emotional/spiritual needs" and overall patient satisfaction. Three measures most highly correlated with this measure of emotional/spiritual care were (1) staff response to concerns/complaints, (2) staff effort to include patients in decisions about treatment, and (3) staff sensitivity to the inconvenience that health problems and hospitalization can cause.
So they have a measure of emotional/spiritual care and find it correlates with staff care. There is nothing about spiritual/emotional care affecting outcome.

Priests and cousellors are used all time by the NHS in all types of unexpected sudden death cases.
That may be so but is it not the case that priests/counsellors clamour for that position rather than being requested by the NHS? And this hardly affects outcome.

In this an unspecified association was found in a longitudinal study of a group of patients between religiosity and outcome. No statistics or controls are mentioned. This strongly suggests that any effects were not significant. The lack of controls means the results are open to more conclusions than a causal relationship between spirituality and outcome.

An existentialist view on mortality salience effects: Personal hardiness, death-thought accessibility, and cultural worldview defence
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466601164911/abstract
Nothing about spiritualism/religion and longevity.

Changes in spiritual beliefs after traumatic disability
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999300901175
Here it shows that severe disability makes a change in spirituality. Although their definition of spirituality includes 'greater understanding of disadvantaged groups'. To be blunt, when one is disadvantaged one knows a little more about being disadvantaged.


Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: a two-year longitudinal study.
http://www.mendeley.com/research/re...lderly-patients-twoyear-longitudinal-study-1/
This is the same study as your second reference.

That part bolded seems to be one of the main factors that give statically significant results, from what I gather from recent abstracts. So its not saying religion is good or bad, its more how to person chooses to use it as a belief system (fear of death based use of religion vs positive use of religion)
Your references do not support either the assertion in the first post or the above assertion.

I suspect that if somebody classes themselves as spiritual/religious they would like to believe that it has some effect. I also have no evidence for that hypothesis. :)
 
Bioethics comes to bite tradition on the butt

Well that was a pointless scavenger hunt.

It took me to a post which linked to another post, which linked to a couple of book reviews.

Let me be more specific:
What genes, specifically, had their levels of expression altered by biofeedback mechanisms and psychosomatic induction? What protocol was used to quantify the change in gene expression?

Do you have Affymetrix chips or something similar, or is this all nothing but handwaving and conjecture?


I'm sorry, the mods here seem to be slowly going back and deleting large sections of work I posted myself, as if it was not my research but spam. :boggled:

Your question is vague, and I dont know of and in what context. I expect every gene is effected to a much higher extent than currently considered. NAme me any one,for example. Adding small methyl groups, to specific points of DNA is one of the main ways of turning a gene off. If your finding the mechanism hard to grasp maybe this short video and news report will give you a Laymans view:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-18400219

A couple off the top of my head are expression silencing of plasmodium falciparum genes, which is no so much psychosomatic, but I remember them giving a good reason for the biochemical reasons epigenetic changes were needed based on the limited data available in the Gene structure. Epigenetic changes are more flexible than genetic changes, and permit rapid yet reversible adaptation, so determining which proteins can be turned off, via release of the usual hormones/endorphins/neurochemicals that relate to particular states of mind, is very important.

Heres a few more:

http://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v1/n7/abs/tp201121a.html
Prenatal exposure to maternal stress can have lifelong implications for psychological function, such as behavioral problems and even the development of mental illness. Previous research suggests that this is due to transgenerational epigenetic programming of genes operating in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). However, it is not known whether intrauterine exposure to maternal stress affects the epigenetic state of these genes beyond infancy. Here, we analyze the methylation status of the GR gene in mothers and their children, at years after birth. We combine these data with a retrospective evaluation of maternal exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). Methylation of the mother's GR gene was not affected by IPV. For the first time, we show that methylation status of the GR gene of adolescent children is influenced by their mother's experience of IPV during pregnancy. As these sustained epigenetic modifications are established in utero, we consider this to be a plausible mechanism by which prenatal stress may program adult psychosocial function.


Epigenetic changes determine which proteins are transcribed. So far theres three systems which intertwine with each other to silence genes: histone modifications (histone proteins that are the primary components of chromatin responsible for forming DNA that makes up chromosomes), RNA-associated silencing and DNA methylation.[1]

Similar old style materialistic induced (without considering biofeedback and psychosomatic cause of the chemicals in question at the time) is 5-methylcytosine (5MC) which is the main epigenetic mechanism, with many 5MC patterns being inherited epigenetically [2][3].

Epigenetic changes are an ideal target for disease control, because they are natyurally reversable, whereas sequence mutations in DNA are not. Which would shut a lot of the anti-genetic modification people up. But also likely just move the issue they have to scrutinising epigenetics; unless they actually understand the reversible ramifications it has that have before been a matter of contention.

Remove the acetyl groups from DNA for example and it condenses chromatin and blocks trascription. Blocking this process with HDAC inhibitors turns on gene expression. The most common HDAC inhibitors include phenylbutyric acid, SAHA, depsipeptide, and valproic acid.

The last two mentioned have been linked directly to psychiatric, psychosomatic and consciousness changing GABAgenic drugs, such as phenibut which you can likely buy at your local supplement shop. Any drugs that I've ever come across that act as agonists at GABAa or GABAb receptors cause either significant sedation to greatly impair cognitive function, and thus cause analgesic and memory recall problems. Basically a lowering in anxiety symptoms by clouding thoughts and anxiety, like benzos do.

Valproic acid is also a consciousness changing drug in terms of sharing many anti-psychotic and anxiolitic effects (combining valproic acid with the benzodiazepine clonazepam can lead to profound sedation) of stabilising mood by altering conscious thought, and is also seen that a recent study showed mothers taking valproate when pregnant are at risk for significantly lower IQs babies. Which seems to act as further evidence for the memory of genes, as if thought processes and mood is impeded during pregnancy then you would expect lower brain function from infants, which has been recently found.[4][5] Its also been linked to endogenously high levels cancer patients who experience "depression, hopelessness, and sleep in cancer patients' desire for death"[6][7]

Many critics thought of good ways to test this theory. Mainly the 9/11 attacks effects on people subsequently suffering PTSD and how this has made similar PTSD symptoms more likely in their offspring. some studies done on hunger and lack of food during historical food shortages and how it changes subsequent generations. Think it was in holland or sweden after a world war.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/n.../09/pregnant-911-survivors-transmitted-trauma
Pregnant 9/11 survivors transmitted trauma to their children
The emerging field of epigenetics shows how traumatic experiences can be transmitted from one generation to the next.

Yehuda, R et al (2005). Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks during Pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-0550

Yehuda, R et al (2009). Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Exposure to the World Trade Center Attacks. Biological Psychiatry, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.03

Sarapas, C et al (2011). Genetic markers for PTSD risk and resilience among survivors of the World Trade Center attacks. Disease Markers, DOI: 10.3233/DMA20110764


Applying interdisciplinary areas often disparate such as psychopharmacology psychosomatic effects, and other endogenous placebo esque effects will likely show with time that the beliefs we choose, and the effects these have on our physiology, will likely cross over with the same biochemical effects that alter Epigentic gene expression. Many more examples if you want.


[1]Nature 429, 457-463 (27 May 2004) | doi:10.1038/nature02625
Review article Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapyhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6990/full/nature02625.html

[2]Trends Genet. 1992 May;8(5):169-74.
X-chromosome inactivation and cell memory. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1369742

[3]DNA methylation and imprinting: why bother?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9260519
X-chromosome inactivation and cell memory.

[4]NEAD: In Utero Exposure To Valproate Linked to Poor Cognitive Outcomes in Kids
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/549073

[5]Neurology. 2006 August 8; 67(3): 407–412.
In utero antiepileptic drug exposure
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1986655/?tool=pmcentrez

[6]Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007;37(2):201-11.
Depression, hopelessness, and sleep in cancer patients' desire for death.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17953237

[7]J Psychosom Res. 2007 May;62(5):527-33.
Sleep quality in advanced cancer patients.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17467407
 
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Most of what you wrote is completely unrelated to "biofeedback mechanisms and psychosomatic induced epigenetic changes to gene expression". The one reference which discusses them seems to offer flimsy evidence in support of the hypothesis - most of the children displayed no methylation, and in the 7 of 24 who did show methylation, the rate was always less than 10%. Three of the seven showed methylation of one common promoter, and (a different) two of the seven showed methylation of a different common promoter.

There doesn't seem to be a control group, and even the researchers describe the effect as "subtle". Maybe there's something there, but I wouldn't bet on it based on this paper. Do you have any other support for your claim?
 
Adding small methyl groups, to specific points of DNA is one of the main ways of turning a gene off. If your finding the mechanism hard to grasp maybe this short video and news report will give you a Laymans view:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-18400219

A couple off the top of my head are expression silencing of plasmodium falciparum genes, which is no so much psychosomatic, but I remember them giving a good reason for the biochemical reasons epigenetic changes were needed based on the limited data available in the Gene structure. Epigenetic changes are more flexible than genetic changes, and permit rapid yet reversible adaptation, so determining which proteins can be turned off, via release of the usual hormones/endorphins/neurochemicals that relate to particular states of mind, is very important.

Heres a few more:

http://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v1/n7/abs/tp201121a.html

You have something to learn about the function of DNA methylation, and "epigenetics" (as I'm sure we all do). Try reading this carefully:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760320

You will find that DNA methylation is a molecular genetic mechanism which can account for differential gene inactivation, resulting in various differentiated cell types using only one parental copy of a given gene. Reading further you will find that the methylation is reversed in the germ line, thus preventing passage of the changes to offspring.

Epigenetic changes determine which proteins are transcribed. So far theres three systems which intertwine with each other to silence genes: histone modifications (histone proteins that are the primary components of chromatin responsible for forming DNA that makes up chromosomes), RNA-associated silencing and DNA methylation.[1]

Similar old style materialistic induced (without considering biofeedback and psychosomatic cause of the chemicals in question at the time) is 5-methylcytosine (5MC) which is the main epigenetic mechanism, with many 5MC patterns being inherited epigenetically [2][3].

Not sure what the highlighted means. All the mechanisms you mention are molecular biological mechanisms. 5MC is the commonly methylated base, because C pairs with G, which can also be methylated, hence the methylation can survive DNA replication in both daughter chromosomes.(Any molecular biologist out there can feel free to correct me where I'm wrong, just a lowly neuroscientist here)

Epigenetic changes are an ideal target for disease control, because they are natyurally reversable, whereas sequence mutations in DNA are not. Which would shut a lot of the anti-genetic modification people up. But also likely just move the issue they have to scrutinising epigenetics; unless they actually understand the reversible ramifications it has that have before been a matter of contention.

Remove the acetyl groups from DNA for example and it condenses chromatin and blocks trascription. Blocking this process with HDAC inhibitors turns on gene expression. The most common HDAC inhibitors include phenylbutyric acid, SAHA, depsipeptide, and valproic acid.

Yes, the epigenetic modifications of DNA are reversable, that's why they're not inherited. They are reversed in the germ line of the individual.

The last two mentioned have been linked directly to psychiatric, psychosomatic and consciousness changing GABAgenic drugs, such as phenibut which you can likely buy at your local supplement shop. Any drugs that I've ever come across that act as agonists at GABAa or GABAb receptors cause either significant sedation to greatly impair cognitive function, and thus cause analgesic and memory recall problems. Basically a lowering in anxiety symptoms by clouding thoughts and anxiety, like benzos do.

Valproic acid is also a consciousness changing drug in terms of sharing many anti-psychotic and anxiolitic effects (combining valproic acid with the benzodiazepine clonazepam can lead to profound sedation) of stabilising mood by altering conscious thought, and is also seen that a recent study showed mothers taking valproate when pregnant are at risk for significantly lower IQs babies. Which seems to act as further evidence for the memory of genes, as if thought processes and mood is impeded during pregnancy then you would expect lower brain function from infants, which has been recently found.[4][5] Its also been linked to endogenously high levels cancer patients who experience "depression, hopelessness, and sleep in cancer patients' desire for death"[6][7]

Yes, antiepileptics are toxic to the developing brain, and exposure during critical periods of development will result in altered development, manifesting as "low IQ", among other major congenital malformations. This has nothing to do with "memory of genes", or with the inheritability of the alterations.

Many critics thought of good ways to test this theory. Mainly the 9/11 attacks effects on people subsequently suffering PTSD and how this has made similar PTSD symptoms more likely in their offspring. some studies done on hunger and lack of food during historical food shortages and how it changes subsequent generations. Think it was in holland or sweden after a world war.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/n.../09/pregnant-911-survivors-transmitted-trauma

The papers you quote here do not demonstrate the inheritability of these effects. What they may demonstrate, and what their authors are gathering evidence for, is that major stress (like PTSD) may have life long effects on fetuses of the stressed mothers. This is not inheritance, its the effect of the environment (the mother) on the development of the child in utero. Its definitely NOT the effect of the "mind" on the structure and inheritance of genes, which what I think you are trying to suggest.


Applying interdisciplinary areas often disparate such as psychopharmacology psychosomatic effects, and other endogenous placebo esque effects will likely show with time that the beliefs we choose, and the effects these have on our physiology, will likely cross over with the same biochemical effects that alter Epigentic gene expression. Many more examples if you want.

[1]Nature 429, 457-463 (27 May 2004) | doi:10.1038/nature02625
Review article Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapyhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6990/full/nature02625.html

[2]Trends Genet. 1992 May;8(5):169-74.
X-chromosome inactivation and cell memory. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1369742

[3]DNA methylation and imprinting: why bother?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9260519
X-chromosome inactivation and cell memory.

[4]NEAD: In Utero Exposure To Valproate Linked to Poor Cognitive Outcomes in Kids
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/549073

[5]Neurology. 2006 August 8; 67(3): 407–412.
In utero antiepileptic drug exposure
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1986655/?tool=pmcentrez

[6]Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007;37(2):201-11.
Depression, hopelessness, and sleep in cancer patients' desire for death.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17953237

[7]J Psychosom Res. 2007 May;62(5):527-33.
Sleep quality in advanced cancer patients.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17467407
[/QUOTE]

Do you read these or just titles? Clearly epigenetics is a popular subject with mainstream scientists including geneticists and molecular biologists, and none of them you are quoting suggests that the epigenetic effects on gene expression, including covalent modification of DNA bases, is transmissable to offspring.
You are apparently reading above your level, resulting in basic misunderstanding of the information. Try reading a basic recent molecular biology text.
http://www.textbooks.com/ISBN/97807..._0716776014.php?CSID=DZJT33AOUTBZOD2QMOTDKQUB
 
You will find that DNA methylation is a molecular genetic mechanism which can account for differential gene inactivation, resulting in various differentiated cell types using only one parental copy of a given gene. Reading further you will find that the methylation is reversed in the germ line, thus preventing passage of the changes to offspring.

It's mostly reversed in the germline but some methylation can be heritable, I believe I linked to a recent cell paper that proved this in a mouse model. It may have been in a different thread so here it is again:

Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=rando OJ transgenerational

Not sure what the highlighted means. All the mechanisms you mention are molecular biological mechanisms. 5MC is the commonly methylated base, because C pairs with G, which can also be methylated, hence the methylation can survive DNA replication in both daughter chromosomes.(Any molecular biologist out there can feel free to correct me where I'm wrong, just a lowly neuroscientist here)

The Cs are methylated, it's usually a C within a CG pair so there will be a complementary C on the opposite strand that is also methylated.
 
Indian J Psychiatry. 2009 Jul-Sep; 51(3): 167–168.
doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.55080
PMCID: PMC2772228
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772228/
Drooping genes v/s dancing genes

Exploring avenues for stimulating and harnessing the tremendous self-healing potential of the human genome, is one of the hot spot areas in current research.

A prime candidate for illness is a person whose life is devoid of love or of any level of human warmth. Add to this, unresolved or deeply consuming emotional, psychological or spiritual stress along with a disempowering belief system-you have a perfect recipe for creating disease.

When a person feels that he or she has no choice in the matters of his or her own life, their emotional response can lead to the development of a disease. The violation of a person's choice, often, is teeming with hostility, fear, anger and rage.

‘The Lost Soul Syndrome’, when a person is in ‘Existential Vacuum’, where suffering is accompanied by the absence or loss of meaning in one's life, could be a significant contributor to illness. This is primarily because, a life sans meaning, more often than not, leads to despair, depression and worthlessness. This implies that the physical body is strongly affected when one's state of mind and emotions are full of suffering, stemming from feelings of emptiness.[1]

[....]

We are now beginning to be aware of and appreciate, as a community, the impact of our thoughts and emotions on our genes. It is now being increasingly recognized that our body is sensitive enough to receive a signal from external environment and turn it into a sequence of electromagnetic or chemical commands for our genes. One such breakthrough experimental finding has been that, without interfering with the mouse's DNA, a small nutritional change in the pregnant mouse could have a dramatic impact on the gene expression of off – spring.[6]

Bruce Lipton, author of the best selling book, “The Biology of Belief” showed that, the environment operating through the cell membrane, modulated the behavior and physiology of the cell, switching the genes on and off. He firmly believes that our beliefs affect the expression of our genes.[7] Extending Lipton's work, researchers at the Institute of HeartMath in California revealed that human emotions, desires and intentions can bring about measurable molecular changes in the DNA.

Rewriting our ‘Life Scripts’ may have the power to turn on or turn off the eloquence of our genes which will have a huge impact on the quality of our lives per se. By redefining our reality, we can choose to reshape our lives.


Comments?
 
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Reading the whole paper and commenting on that rather than reading what I quoted would be a good idea. As repugnant as the quoted part may be to some people.
 
You might ask a biologist to look at it. I'll warn you now, though: They won't be nearly so reserved in expressing their opinion.
 
You might ask a biologist to look at it. I'll warn you now, though: They won't be nearly so reserved in expressing their opinion.


As long its a scientific argument they make after reading the whole text and references, then that would be greatly appreciated :)
 
http://mdm.sagepub.com/content/29/2/175.short

The Psychosocial Effect of Thoughts of Personal Mortality on Cardiac Risk Assessment

Abstract

Background . Prejudice by medical providers has been found to contribute to differential cardiac risk estimates. As such, empirical examinations of psychological factors associated with such biases are warranted. Considerable psychological research implicates concerns with personal mortality in motivating prejudicial biases. The authors sought to examine whether provoking thoughts of mortality among medical students would engender more cautious cardiac risk assessments for a hypothetical Christian than for a Muslim patient. Methods . During the spring of 2007, university medical students (N = 47) were randomly assigned to conditions in a 2 (mortality salience) × 2 (patient religion) full factorial experimental design. In an online survey, participants answered questions about their mortality or about future uncertainty, inspected emergency room admittance forms for a Muslim or Christian patient complaining of chest pain, and subsequently estimated risk for coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and the combined risk of either of the two. A composite risk index was formed based on the responses (on a scale of 0— 100) to each of the 3 cardiac risk questions. Results . Reminders of mortality interacted with patient religion to influence risk assessments, F1,41 = 11:57, P = 0:002, η 2 =:22. After being reminded of mortality, participants rendered more serious cardiac risk estimates for a Christian patient (F1,41 = 8:66, P = 0:01) and less serious estimates for a Muslim patient (F1,41 = 4:08, P=0:05). Conclusion . Reminders of personal mortality can lead to biased patient risk assessment as medical providers use their cultural identification to psychologically manage their awareness of death.


Not epigenetics, but closely related.
 
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Scientific comment? No subjectives please.

The article is a minireview not actual research. The authors cite alternative medicine books to support their claims, so really it is just a review of alternative medicine woo.
 
Reading the whole paper and commenting on that rather than reading what I quoted would be a good idea. As repugnant as the quoted part may be to some people.

Oh no, the part you quoted was not at all repugnant. At least, compared to the parts you didn't quote.

It can be hypothesized that, in order to set the “bioenergy system” right, it is vital to access the source of electromagnetic malfunction in our genetic code. To facilitate this, it is essential to employ special sounds and intention.

I suppose you could hypothesizi it. And obviously you have. That you seem comfortable with the idea of illness caused by "electromagnetic malfunction in our genetic code" says a lot about your level of scientific competence - none of it good.

DNA is regarded as the master blue print for our biology. Vedas state that “In the beginning was Brahman with whom was the WORD”. A parallel for this can be found in The New Testament where John states “In the beginning was the WORD.” A reference in Genesis 1:3 reads “And God said, Let there be light: And there was light.” All these point to the potential of light (electromagnetic waves) and sound (electromagnetic waves) on DNA and their EXPRESSION.

Well, no they don't. And the writers of the Vedas, the Old Testament and the New Testament are hardly noted for their expertise in DNA behavior.

“One-third of the sensory-cortex area of the brain is fully devoted to the oral cavity, tongue, lips and speech.” This implies that bioacoustic waves (oral frequency emissions- spoken or sung) have tremendous impact over life and vibrating genes which in turn influence total wellness of individuals and probably affect evolution of the species too.

Again, no it doesn't.

Horowitz hastens to add that, according to three Nobel laureates in medicine, the primary function of DNA lies not in protein synthesis (less than 3%) but in the reception and transmission of electromagnetic energy (more than 90%) functioning in the realm of bioelectric (light) and bioacoustic (sound) signaling.

Maybe yes, maybe no. That is maybe 3 Nobel laureates think that, and maybe they don't. Of course, there's no way to check.

And the reference for all of these? "Conscious healing with the regenetics TM method: Book one of the regenetics TM series"

“Like the thirteenth stroke of a clock; not only in itself ridiculous, but casting into doubt everything that has come before.”
 
Indian J Psychiatry. 2009 Jul-Sep; 51(3): 167–168.
doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.55080
PMCID: PMC2772228
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772228/



Comments?

Complete garbage.

Scientific comment? No subjectives please.

You want a more scientific comment?

Complete and utter garbage.

Try reading some of these things yourself and subject it to at least some critical analysis before presenting it as modern science.
 
Thanks your opinion its complete and utter garbage. Sorry haven't been around to add much last few days, but is quote mining the extremes really a scientific measure? The person you quoted fills me with absolute repulsion. Horowitz. I'm really surprised he is not in jail yet with some accusations hes made and advice hes given that could have been fatal, but thats not on topic at all.

When I've the time to look at the text and its merits and shortfalls in a more scientific way than has been done here yet, I'll comment on if it is indeed garbage, or not. I suspect the former. Garbage. But lets not be too hasty.

Theres more from 2010-2012 in journals you are going find very hard to argue against. I'll post when I can.

BBQ is on, sun is out, 3 ladies on my patio, and im going to stay here? pfffffft.
 
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When I've the time to look at the text and its merits and shortfalls in a more scientific way than has been done here yet, I'll comment on if it is indeed garbage, or not. I suspect the former. Garbage. But lets not be too hasty.
We're not being hasty. It's mindless pesudoscientific drivel - and obviously so.

Theres more from 2010-2012 in journals you are going find very hard to argue against. I'll post when I can.
Are they also mindless pseudoscientific drivel?

BBQ is on, sun is out, 3 ladies on my patio, and im going to stay here? pfffffft.
It's freezing cold where I am, pitch dark, and raining, and the only thing on my patio is a dead slug, so I'll probably be here when you get back.
 
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE
NEUROSCIENCE, CONSCIOUSNESS AND SPIRITUALITY
Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality, 2011, Volume 1, 57-73, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2079-4_4
Neuroscience and Spirituality – Findings and Consequences

Abstract
In this chapter we first define religious, spiritual and mystical experiences (RSMEs). We then review clinical data about patients with epilepsy suggesting a role for the temporal lobe and the limbic system in RSMEs. The possibility of experimentally inducing such experiences by stimulating the temporal lobe with weak electromagnetic currents is examined. The limbic-marker hypothesis is also presented. The findings of brain imaging studies of RSMEs carried out during the last decade are then examined. Next, these findings and the phenomenology of RSMEs in regard to the mind-brain problem are discussed. Finally, we terminate the chapter with a few concluding remarks.

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE
EXPLORING FRONTIERS OF THE MIND-BRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Mindfulness in Behavioral Health, 2012, Part 3, 113-139, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Emotional Self-Regulation and Spiritual Experiences
Abstract
In the first section of this chapter, I introduce the concepts of emotional self-regulation and spiritual experiences (SEs). Then, I review the findings of functional neuroimaging studies carried out with regard to the self-regulation of various types of emotional states. In the third section, I examine data suggesting a role for the temporal lobes in SEs, and consider the possibility of experimentally inducing such experiences by stimulating this brain area with weak electromagnetic currents. Next, I review neuroimaging studies of SEs conducted to date. Finally, in the last section, I discuss the theoretical implications of these neuroimaging studies regarding the relationships between subjective experience, mental processes, neurophysiological processes, and human behavior. I also discuss the neuroimaging findings presented and the phenomenology of SEs with respect to the mind-brain problem.


http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10508619.2010.481231
DOI:10.1080/10508619.2010.481231
Kevin L. Ladda & Meleah L. Laddb
pages 219-222
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion
Volume 20, Issue 3, 2010

How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings From a Leading Neuroscientist. By Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldman


American Society on Aging
ISSN 0738-7806 (Print)
Issue Volume 35, Number 2 / Summer 2011
http://generations.metapress.com/content/wt504v6974321110/?referencesMode=Show
Spirituality and the Aging Brain
Journal Generations
Publisher American Society on Aging

Issue Volume 35, Number 2 / Summer 2011

Andrew B. Newberg1
1 Jefferson-Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Abstract

This article provides a critical review of the research on forms of meditation, prayer, and mystical experience and their relationship to brain function and structure. It offers a perspective on the relationship between spirituality (formal and non-religious) and the brain, and the role of prayer and meditation on stress reduction and brain health.


Psychology and neurobiology in a postmaterialist world.
Newberg, Andrew; Newberg, Stephanie
©2012 American Psychological Association
Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Vol 2(2), May 2010, 119-121. doi: 10.1037/a0019264
Special Section: Critiques of Watching for Light: Spiritual Psychology Beyond Materialism.

Abstract
The current issue of Psychology of Religion and Spirituality provides three articles that address the relationship between spirituality and psychology in the context of the postmaterialist perspective. One of the unifying themes of these articles is the notion that spirituality may be truly separate from the mind and brain, but that such a distinction still provides fertile ground for scientific and psychological investigations. We have long argued for this general concept in work on neurotheology, which seeks to understand the relationship between spirituality and the brain (d’Aquili & Newberg, 1999). An important point in this context, and consistent with each of the articles, is the notion that we are not looking for a scientific study of spirituality per se, but at an integrated synthesis of science, religion, and spirituality. Such a synthesis might ultimately result in the kind of reductionist perspective that Bruce Greyson (see record 2010-03251-005) appropriately argues against in his discussion of near-death experiences (NDEs). Whereas Greyson’s article might tackle the issue of material reductionism directly, the other two articles speak more specifically to some of the practical implications of both the materialist and nonmaterialist perspectives. In his article, Sperry (see record 2010-03251-006) describes three clinical situations in which spirituality becomes important in the psychotherapeutic setting. The article by Richards (see record 2010-03251-007) investigates how spirituality influences or, more specifically, inspires those individuals in helping professions. Again, an important element is the synergy that arises out of a combination of spiritual and scientific perspectives. The articles in this issue are nicely representative of different but related paths toward understanding the nature of spiritual experiences and how spirituality might be incorporated into personal and clinical pursuits. Future research will have to elaborate on these findings. And, it is hoped, a better integration of all dimensions of the human person, including the biological and the spiritual, will yield a deeper understanding of ourselves and of reality. (PsycINFO Database)
©2012 American Psychological Association


.... Thing is I could spam a load more similar abstracts but since my university portal has gone down (results scramble I guess) I cant access full texts so cant do much better than a few abstracts such as the above at the moment.

Andrew Newbergs research has been some of the most in depth in relation to MRI scans on people with differing spiritual beliefs and how their brain scans show sometimes substantially different results to atheists and non spiritual people.

Here is a google scholar search for his literature between 2006 and 2013 http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar...tnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&as_ylo=2006&as_yhi=2013
Over 40 papers or so. Some food for thought till I get access back to make direct points past quoting abstracts.

I think some people here may miss the point being made here.

There is no difference between (the usually) inherent positive human altruism an atheist might have, such as compassion and empathy for other people, and a person of spiritual belief that shares the inherent positive human altruistic effects their spirituality of choice may have and how this relates to increased compassion and empathy for other people. The same neurochemicals show up. It's not finding god, or even contemplating for a second such a silly idea exists.
 
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Andrew Newbergs research has been some of the most in depth in relation to MRI scans on people with differing spiritual beliefs and how their brain scans show sometimes substantially different results to atheists and non spiritual people.
Is someone attributing this to epigenetic changes? I think brain scans will show substantially different results if people are petting a dog or eating an apple, but I don't think it's because their DNA is methylating or unmethylating.

I guess I'm not really clear any more what point this thread is attempting to make.
 
...
Thing is I could spam a load more similar abstracts ...

No you have spammed enough
None of those refs have any meat, they are all of the 'we will be saying/reviewing, making it up. (delete as required)

One of them even has to say 'By a leading neuroscientist'. Obviously an appeal to authority is all they have.

I think some people here may miss the point being made here.

There is no difference between (the usually) inherent positive human altruism an atheist might have, such as compassion and empathy for other people, and a person of spiritual belief that shares the inherent positive human altruistic effects their spirituality of choice may have and how this relates to increased compassion and empathy for other people. The same neurochemicals show up. It's not finding god, or even contemplating for a second such a silly idea exists.

Now at last, something that could be discussed, unfortunate this thread is titled 'Epigenetics'

Have you any evidence for these assertions, some peer reviewed papers that are repeated by others, or is this all speculation?
 
is quote mining the extremes really a scientific measure?

Now, let me get this straight. You provided a link, and you quoted from it. When I quoted from it, you criticize me? Do you feel that you have proprietary rights, and that you're the only one authorized to quote from "your" source? If you feel that I've taken statements out of context or misrepresented them, feel free to demonstrate this. The link, after all, is well known: you provided it.

The person you quoted fills me with absolute repulsion. Horowitz. I'm really surprised he is not in jail yet with some accusations hes made and advice hes given that could have been fatal, but thats not on topic at all.

Actually, the persons I quoted were the authors of the Indian Journal of Psychiatry paper, Drooping genes v/s dancing genes, who were describing Luckman's TM Regenesis paper, which may or may not have quoted Horowitz. Please keep your attributions straight.

That said, once again, permit me to point out that YOU provided the link. If you disapprove of Horowitz, fine; personally, I've never heard of him. But if you are so offended by him, then for heaven's sake don't point us to a paper that references him. And if the TM Regenesis book and the IJP are both so badly in error as to present Horowitz as support, why should we believe the rest of their claims?

Or, let me guess, did you only read part of the paper, find a few quotes to your liking, and then skip the rest? And then criticize me for actually having the gall to read the whole thing? And then criticize me (unfairly) for the same thing (quote-mining) which you actually did?

Give it a rest.
 
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I've requested a split of this topic between the epigenetic material of changing of gene expression and the subsequent topic of the biochemical effects religious thoughts, altruistic ideologies and spiritual beliefs may have, which sort of started at thread #26 ...

Even though they are likely different symptoms of larger common cause ...
 
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I've requested a split of this topic between the epigenetic material of changing of gene expression and the subsequent topic of the biochemical effects religious thoughts, altruistic ideologies and spiritual beliefs may have, which sort of started at thread #26 ...

Even though they are likely different symptoms of larger common cause ...

It would be nice if instead of just spamming abstracts, you actually took the time to write one sentence about the reference including what it is supposed to mean and how it is relevant. I for one will not look at a another reference you provide unless you can do this.
 
I have access to all the full texts I listed if anyone wants access to them, not sure which ones to quote from here, as it's not really epigenetics.

But this is.

Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer
http://www.ted.com/talks/mina_bissell_experiments_that_point_to_a_new_understanding_of_cancer.html
For decades, researcher Mina Bissell pursued a revolutionary idea -- that a cancer cell doesn't automatically become a tumor, but rather, depends on surrounding cells (its microenvironment) for cues on how to develop. She shares the two key experiments that proved the prevailing wisdom about cancer growth was wrong.

Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth. Full bio »

"Don't be arrogant, because arrogance kills curiosity and passion.” (Mina Bissell)
 
Is an idea that was first mooted in 1962 any support for your OP?


How was it mooted? And why would a very well respected organisation that has let Nobel Laureates and some of the best brains in the world, TED talks, let her speak if it was?

And which specific part of my OP do you want support seen for?
 

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