I stand corrected on the factual errors in case of the Hungarian Jews (I was citing from an obviously faulty memory and should have compared to data which you provided here), yet I think I have been misunderstood, especially by some around here who want to turn me into a "right wing" member.
My point was, that the "conveyor-belt style killing" through Zyklon B -- the synonymous "death factory" -- in Auschwitz didn't start until late into the war, and said that this was something that always stuck with me. It was not my intention to deny that mass executions took place prior to that, but in almost all cases (and despite the outrageous numbers of casualties), the methods used to execute prisoners could be considered as -- so macabre this may sound -- trials.
Technically, 'conveyor belt style killing' began in the T4 euthanasia program. I would regard Treblinka as conveyor-belt as much as Auschwitz.
The mass executions in the east were also industrial-scale; there was a recycling of massive anti-tank ditches as pre-dug graves; machine guns were used, and they resembled nothing so much as a curtailed ghastly parody of the Somme or Verdun. (Minus the poison gas, ironically)
The Aktion Reinhard camps relied on the internal combustion engine, another industrial product of modernity.
It is easy however to fetishise technology and see that as a necessary condition; Rwanda almost disabuses us of that illusion, except for the fact that the machetes were mass-manufactured and imported from overseas, i.e. planning was needed.
In Chelmo and Majdanek, which you cite, most prisoners were killed by way of using transportable death vans and killing through exhaust fumes or Monoxide.
Chelmno used gas vans, as did Semlin and Maly Trostinets. Majdanek had relatively small use of static gas chambers.
These methods, just as the shootings, were soon considered ineffective in view of the grand scheme to exterminate the European Jewry (Endlösung der Judenfrage) which was sanctioned in January of 1942 at the Wannsee-Konferenz in Berlin.
No, they were very effective on a local level; it was only in relation to the overall scale that newer facilities had to be planned and conceived.
Auschwitz was picked out as a death-camp by early 1942 - it managed to kill 250,000 people using very primitive converted houses, the 'Bunkers', before the much discussed new crematoria were installed.
It was only in the Spring of 1944, that the train-line to Auschwitz-Birkenau was extended to end right at the selection ramp, and that this massive 'turnaround' (another macabre word in that conjunction) could be reached.
Yet the 'ramp' was planned since 1941-2. It appears on maps of the intended Birkenau camp site very early on.
I agree, but these historical parameters are not what I referred to. I was referring to a particular person -- Rudolf Höss -- who freely admitted of having been responsible for the killing of close (if not over) a Million of people. Authors like Imre Kertesz, who has been a prisoner in Auschwitz himself, have used these extreme cases to ponder on the question whether such a perverted 'ability' is a particularly German trait, or whether it could not be something which belongs to the 'Human condition' per se. In Kertesz's writings you seldomly come across bad Nazis. He is trying to reflect more on which 'human' elements could have made this possible, without always being able to provide an answer.
The tension between seeing in the Holocaust something specific to Germany, something specific to antisemitism and something generic to modernity has been there ever since the 1940s.
I would say that in the 1950s and 1960s, the universal elements were emphasised; from the 1970s through to the present the specifically Jewish elements have been emphasised; the catch being that the Nazis also mass-murdered millions of others for closely related reasons using identical methods.
I am NOT pointing this out in order to clear us Germans from any responsibility or guilt, but in focussing on the Nazi/German side of it alone you are running the danger of declaring this as a one time accident in an otherwise flawless project of Modernism. This is precisely the habit of some contemporary German media outlets (as I pointed out elsewhere), to declare Hitler as a hickup in our history, that, over time, needs to be downplayed (I am not accusing you of downplaying anything BTW, just trying to illustrate my point)
The specifically 'German' emphasis on Arbeitsfaehigkeit was mirrored in the Soviet Union; Russian has an equivalent term that was just as widely used. German officials and medical personnel had been assessing people for Arbeitsfaehigkeit since the late 19th Century after Bismarck's welfare reforms, which were as is well known the first introduction of health insurance in the Western world. The potential to apply such coldly pragmatic logic to other groups will always exist as long as there are states.
I know that in a German context, Hitler needs to be portrayed as an aberration, yet the Sonderweg thesis persists all the same. The comfort is in seeing 1945 as a break with the past - to a very great extent it has been, in both former Germanies.
Germany, like most other European states, is now almost post-nationalist, generally opposed to war as a means of resolving interstate disputes, pacifist in its social attitudes, and so on. By contrast, America is not. Indeed some critics of American nationalism such as Anatol Lieven have described US foreign policy as possessing a distinctly 'Wilhelmine' flavour. That is on the money, and infinitely more subtle than the Bush=Hitler meme among Troofers.
What I meant with 'not understandable' then is this: which element caused the Nazis to not just imprison, deport, or resettle Jews, but to actually try to exterminate them? Of course, if I am a Marxist I will explain it with some sort of "exploitation of the human body" in favor of the industries and the bourgeoisie who supported Hitler. That would be my root cause. But even that doesn't necessarily carry in it the total extermination of these bodies.
Extermination follows from the economic logic of
warfare. No WWII, no Holocaust. Almost all genocides have occurred during wars or their immediate aftermath (applies to Armenia, Cambodia, de facto to Rwanda).
Again, I was referring to "some" of the Einsatzgruppenführer, such as Otto Ohlendorf, who were sentenced to death and executed in 1951 under rather heavy protests of the German public. We are not contradicting each other here.
Point of clarification: Ohlendorf was tried in 1948.
That was exactly my point, albeit in your case a bit more eloquently brought forth. I assume you are also a "right wing authoritarian"?
Nope. I am a sometime Marxist.