Summary of alternative redshift theories
This is a selection of redshift theories that have been published over the years, that claim a cause that is not due to either Cosmological redshift (Friedmann), Doppler redshift, nor Gravitational redshift (Schwarzschild).
* 1909 John Evershed's "Evershed Effect"[7] in the penumbra of sunspots [8] [9].
* 1923 Compton scattering is Arthur Compton's Nobel Prize-winning theory which causes spectral shifts. However, critics note that it also causes blurring which is not seen in the redshifts of distant objects. [10] [11] [12] [13].
* 1929 Tired light is Fritz Zwicky's theory that as photons move through space, they lose energy [14]. Critics note several problems with tired light models in explaining the Hubble Law. It is not accepted by mainstream cosmologists as a mechanism. [15]
* 1955 M. A. Melvin's photon radiation density and path length [16]
* 1972 Dror Sadeh et al, "Effect of Mass on Frequency" [17]
* 1972 Daniel M. Greenberger's theory of "variable mass particles" which proposes a "decay redshift" [18]
* 1972 D.K. Ross's "New Red-Shift Mechanism for Quasars" using the variation of particle rest mass [19]
* 1972 J.C. Pecker, et al photon-photon interaction (in Pecker, J. C., Roberts, A. P., and Vigier, J. P., 1972, Non-velocity redshifts and photon-photon interactions: Nature, v. 237, p. 227-229). But see also [20]
* 1972 S. Urbanovich's "external influences" [21]
* 1974 Halton Arp suggests that the redshift of some quasars and galaxies may be non-velocity [22], and non-cosmological [23] (see also 1997 below).
* 1974 P. Merat et al, "Interaction between incident transverse photons and light neutral bosons" [24]
* 1976 Z. Maric et al, Photon-boson scattering [25]
* 1976 X.-Q. Li's photon motion in the discrete space-time under the photon's own force field [26]
* 1977 J. V. Narlikar's variable mass version of general relativity [27] [28]
* 1977 Susan M. Simkin's "Simkin effect" [29] [30] which is a description of one of the effects of light pollution.
* 1979 E. Schatzman's "Ageing of photons by collisions with a hypothetical particle" [31]
* 1979 E. R. Harrison and T. W. Noonan's "Interpretation of extragalactic redshifts" as ""Corrected" redshifts" [32]
* 1984 William G Tifft et al, "Global redshift quantization" [33] [34] [35]
* 1987 Emil Wolf's "Wolf effect" [36] , confirmed in the laboratory by Dean Faklis and George Morris in 1988 [37]. The frequency shift is generally not disortion free. However, in 1996, Wolf and Daniel F. V James reported that "under certain circumstances the changes in the spectrum of light scattered on random media may imitate the Doppler effect" [38] [39]
* 1990 Paul Marmet's inelastic transmission of photons in gases [40]
* 1997 Halton Arp suggests that redshift is a measure of age, rather than distance [41], based on Narlikar's variable mass version of general relativity [42] (resulting in Arp's book, Seeing Red).
* 2000 Ari Brynjolfsson's "Plasma redshift", that the interaction of photons with hot sparse electron plasma may produce a redshift [43] [44] [45]
* 2003 CREIL (Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light) has been proposed by Jacques Moret-Bailly [46] [47]
* 2004 Charles Gallo's "Neutrino redshifts" [48] (not a new theory, but a proposal to look for redshifts in neutrino spectra)
To this list may be added several theories based on scattering processes, such as Brillouin scattering, Compton scattering, Raman scattering and Rayleigh scattering.
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