Merged The Electric Comet Theory Part III/SAFIRE

ABSTRACT
We present a global geomorphological map of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P/C- G) using data acquired by the Rosetta Orbiter’s OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera. The images used in our study were acquired between 2014 August and 2015 May, before 67P/C-G passed through perihelion. Imagery of the Southern hemisphere was included in our study, allowing us to compare the contrasting hemispheres of 67P/C-G in a single study. Our work also puts into greater context the morphologies studied in previous works, and also the morphologies observed on previously visited cometary nuclei. Relative to other nuclei, 67P/C-G appears most similar to 81P/Wild 2, with a topographically heterogeneous surface dominated by smooth-floored pits. Our mapping describes the landscapes of 67P/C-G when they were first observed by Rosetta, and our map can be used to detect changes in surface morphologies after its perihelion passage. Our mapping reveals strong latitudinal dependences for emplaced units and a highly heterogeneous surface. Layered bedrock units that represent the exposed nucleus of 67P/C-G are dominant at southern latitudes, while topographically smooth, dust covered regions dominate the Northern hemisphere. Equatorial latitudes are dominated by smooth terrain units that show evidence for flow structures. We observe no obvious differences between the comet’s two lobes, with the only longitudinal variations being the Imhotep and Hatmehit basins. These correlations suggest a strong seasonal forcing on the surface evolution of 67P/C- G, where materials are transported from the Southern hemisphere to Northern hemisphere basins over multiple orbital time-scales.

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Dabop said:

I still dont get why Sol seems to equate density with hardness- just because something is hard, doesnt mean its dense, and vice versa

Oh and thankyou to tusenfem and the others for posting links to the various papers, its fascinating to see the progress on the various missions continuing long after the 'media' drops them

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Sol88 said:

Yup, or it could also be rock, in fact bedrock!

Geomorphology of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko Samuel P. D. Birch,1‹ Y. Tang,2 A. G. Hayes,1,2 R. L. Kirk,3 D. Bodewits,4 H. Campins,5 Y. Fernandez,5 R. de Freitas Bart,2 N. W. Kutsop,2 H. Sierks,6
J. M. Soderblom,7 S. W. Squyres1,2 and J-B. Vincent6,8

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Sol88 said:

But yeah interesting about metal hardness

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Sol88 said:

So really the only question is if comets are rocks, rocky, well consolidated material, bedrock... take your pick. Then what are the implications for the solar nebula hypothesis?

Or as Reality check would like to know, 'where does the rock come from'?

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Sol88 said:

Yup, or it could also be rock, in fact bedrock!

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Sol88 said:

I don't get why they designed and lander to land on a comet, made as we KNOW of dust and ice, and not design the penetrator to penetrate highly porous 'ice' with some dust!

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Sol88 said:

So really the only question is ...

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1. 14 August 2017 Sol88: Comets are rocks so where did that rock come from?
2. 18 August 2017 Sol88: What is your predicted composition of comets from their origins?
3. 18 August 2017 Sol88: What is your predicted density of comets?
4. 18 August 2017 Sol88: What is the measured density of comets?
5. 18 August 2017 Sol88: State the physics that explains any density difference showing that the measurements are matched.
6. 22 August 2017 Sol88: Why are all main-belt asteroids not comets according to your comet delusions?
7. 22 August 2017 Sol88: Why are all asteroids with cometary obits not comets as in your comet delusions?
8. 23 August 2017 Sol88: Why does comet dust not match planetary rock or asteroid composition?
9. 23 August 2017 Sol88: What is your evidence that comets were blasted from planets such as the Earth?
10. 28 August 2017 Sol88: What is your prediction for the "water produced per surface area of nucleus" on Hartley 2?

The Man said:

The words you simply pick have no "implications for the solar nebula hypothesis".

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Astronomers aren't sure whether the minerals found in Stardust's comet samples formed near the Sun or around another star, though isotope scans are expected determine that for sure in upcoming tests, Brownlee said. Olivine, a mix of iron and magnesium that appears green on some Earth beaches, is one of the several surprising compounds found in the Wild 2 samples, he added.

Michael Zolensky, Stardust curator and a mission co-investigator at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC), said astronomers believed that a sort of material "zoning" occurred during the Solar System's formation.

According to the model, substances formed under hotter temperatures closer to the Sun, while colder materials - such as the gases that make up the giant planets - took root further out, he added.

But if Stardust's comet samples are found to be local to the Solar System, and not from some distant start, they'd suggest a sort of transportation system to fling particles formed near the Sun out past the orbit of Pluto and into the comet realm, researchers said.

"If this mixing is occurring, as suggested by these results, than how do you preserve any kind of zoning in the solar system," Zolenksy said. "It raises more mysteries."

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Spitzer was one of the 80 or so telescopes trained on Comet 9P/Tempel 1 when it rammed into the 370-kilogram copper-tipped impactor sent into its path. A spectrometer on the telescope detected a mix of materials as they streamed off the comet, including crystallised silicates, clay and carbonates.

Clay and carbonates are thought to form in liquid water, which can only exist for long periods on the surface of planets or other objects no further from the Sun than Mars. But comets such as Tempel 1 are thought to have formed as smaller chunks of material smashed together around the orbit of Neptune – where any water would be in the form of ice.

“How did clay and carbonates form in frozen comets?” says Carey Lisse, an astronomer at the University of Maryland in College Park, US, who observed the impact with Spitzer. “We don’t know, but their presence may imply that the primordial solar system was thoroughly mixed together, allowing material formed near the Sun where water is liquid, and frozen material from out by Uranus and Neptune, to be included in the same body.”

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Sol88 said:

[But ...

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The measured masses and speeds of compact particles are in the range from 10−10 to 3.9 × 10−7 kg and from 0.3 to 12.2 ms−1, respectively.

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The analysis of compact particle speeds versus cometocentric distance shows that in the dust acceleration region, the dust speed increases from 2.5 ± 0.8 ms−1 at 10 km to 4.3 ± 0.9 ms−1 at 30 km.

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We were able to describe the evolution of the 3D dust distribution with respect to the distance from the comet and to identify the spatial distribution of different types of dust particles: uffy particles, that is, 0.2 to 2.5 mm porous aggregates of submicron grains (equivalent bulk density <1 kgm−3) and compact particles, ranging in size from 80 to 800 microns.

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Monitoring the coma terminator dust environment, we give a rough estimate of the dust activity increase at decreasing heliocentric distance of roughly a factor of about 6 from 3.36 to 2.43 AU.

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The dust flux of submicron particles coming from the solar direction is three times higher than the one coming directly from the nucleus. The measured dust flux anisotropy confirms what was predicted by on-ground dust coma observations (Fulle et al. 2010).

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Sol88 said:

GIADA: shining a light on the monitoring of the comet dust production from the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko

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This work is in progress; for the time being, we only note that the highest values for particle mass and speed are related to confirmed active areas. These dust particle dynamical parameters support a preliminary study of the acceleration region within the 67P coma

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Conclusions. In the framework of the presented model, which can be considered common in terms of assumptions and physical parameters in the cometary community, the dust removal by a gas drag force is not a plausible physical mechanism. The sublimation of not only water ice, but also of super-volatile ice (i.e., CO) is unable to remove dust grains for illumination conditions corresponding to 1.3 AU. Away out of this impasse requires revision of the most common model assumption employed by the cometary community.

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Reality Check said:

4 September 2017 Sol88: Repeated idiocy of citing a mainstream comets are ices and dust paper and making deluded comments.

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Sol88 said:

How much 'ice' did they find RC?

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The dislocation and anchoring factors apply to hardness in general and have particular relevance for stratified materials. As those dislocation and anchoring elements can be an inherent result of the layering process.

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Sol88 said:

Righto but

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Reality Check said:

4 September 2017 Sol88: Repeats the 'ice' lie in an insanely ignorant and irrelevant question.
Insanely ignorant because over the last 8 years we have cited the many observsions that comets have ices, e.g. the ejecta from Deep Impact (5 million kilograms (11 million pounds) of water).
Irrelevant because this is a thread abut his comet delusions that he is still unable to support after 8 years.

Posters here have been kind enough to try to educate him about the real world of comets but it has become clear that he is too deep into the delusional pit of Thunderbolts dogma to ever emerge again. So all we get now are lying posts about mainstream ices and dust comets and irrelevant time wasting questions that I for one will not answer.

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Sol88 said:

So really would be quite the something considering!

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Sol88 said:

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